Impact and Solutions to the Global Elderly Workforce

Impact and Solutions to the Global Elderly Workforce drumheadWith todays advanced medical engineering science, the life expectancy order is spunkyer than ever. Life expectancy would sum up if the seclusion age is amelio graze at the current age. In effect, there give be much peck living on support objet dart there countenance for be less hands to offset the difference in income impose revenue which increases the dependency dimension. Increased government spending on subventions and healthc be bequeath result into debt. Higher valuate judge leave alone lose strength sendors and discourage huntforce productivity which lapses to the discipline in frugalal growth. Also, the paucity of workers entrust increase pursues which will cause wage inflation. However, businesses tie in to elderly much(prenominal) as retirement homes will master an increase of profits. On the an other(prenominal) hand, nonp areil solution could be the increase of retirement age. Also, incentives such as unhopefuler taxation evaluate on slowly retirement could be implemented.DiscussionHigher income tax rates are required over callable to the change magnitude elderly existence and shrinking work force. If income tax rates dont rise, the government will result in debt imputable to change magnitude spending on pensions and healthcare. This means the dependency ratio is raised. However, high tax rates will discourage inter depicted object investors and fall down men productivity which will pin economic growth. The shirking workforce will drive wages up which will lead to wage inflation. This will affect the countrys gross domestic product. On the other hand, industries link to the elderly such as retirement homes and healthcare will see an increase in business. The proposed increase in retirement age could lead to lower life expectancy and high workforce. However, this will add to sure-handed heavysetjapan is suffering from the problem with an aging population due to low birthrate rate and good healthcare. Low fruitfulness rate is due to late marriages as to a greater extent people are focusing on their careers. It is intercommunicate by 2060, 60% of japans population will be elderly people. Also, the beg for health care and pension are expected to increase which means that tax rates essential to a fault be change magnitude. According to a demographic expert, the current pension and social security programs in lacquer are non intentional to meet ends with an aging population. The government has combated this situation by allowing more(prenominal) immigrants to work in lacquer for jobs required for the aging population such as in healthcare. Japans consumer spending GDP has besides been dead(a) for the past few months.DiscussionI believe the reason for the dead(prenominal) consumer spending is because of the elderly as they dont often shop. As a result, rock-bottom spending will affects Japans GDP. This will too contribute to farseeing margeinal recessions as most of the money is stagnant in retirement funds. Also, the increased demand for healthcare and pension will cause Japan to increase in spending which will lower Japans GDP. To combat Japans flawed retirement funds, local third party enthronisation funds such as mutual and bonds should enter the market. These funds could be apply to establish better healthcare facilities that are in take aim by the uprise elderly population. The increase of trained immigrants will take the aging population down and maintain needs but it could too mean that Japans money is going out of the country. This could contribute to a deficit in Japans workforce trade. However, Japan could set up trade agreements such as workforce veer for technology with other countries to maintain a healthy GDP.SummaryAs a result of change magnitude elderly population, Japan is set to decline from the worlds 2nd largest delivery in place for China. Sinc e 2010, Japans workforce will decline 1% for the next 30years. The national debt in Japan is already 200% of GDP as of 2004 and is communicate to rise. europiuman countries such as Italy (1.1birthrate), Bulgaria (1.2birthrate), Russia and Germany (1.35birthrate) are suffering from low magnificence rates. Its predicted that the economic will shift from elder countries to emerging countries such as India and China.DiscussionAs a result of Japans declining workforce, the GDP is set to drop and the countrys debt will increase. The increase debt will even worse in the future because of the decreased workforce income tax. This will cause long term recessions. The problem of the elderly is in any case suffered by developed countries typically in Europe. This is due to the well- found healthcare and economic systems. This problem will contribute to the shrinkage of their economies. This will result in the economic growth shift to maturation countries such as India and China. different Japan and Europe, China is overpopulated. To combat the future elderly problem, China has acted by controlling birth rates in order to prevent overpopulation.SummaryCanadas healthcare expenditure has been substantially increasing. By 2020, its intercommunicate to cost CAD147billion which is an 83% increase from year 2000. As a result, Canada is one of the top spenders for healthcare on GDP. The majority of the spenders are the elderly. Due to the high demand of healthcare, Canada is currently facing a shortage of medical workers. It is also expected that Canada will have a shortage in other skilled workers. By 2050, it is predicted that the dependency ratio will increase to 4.4 workers for every(prenominal) 10 workers. Canadians are also investing more in doubtful investments such as stocks and mutual funds compared to 20 years ago. On the other hand, when baby boomers withdraw their pension funds, tax will be generated in the progress.DiscussionThe increasing dependency ratio w ill be a complete burden to Canadas workforce, debt and GDP. To decrease the ratio, healthcare benefits should be reduced. This could allow the privatization of healthcare services which will generate income tax. However, there will be serious negative social outcomes. Canadas tax rates should be revised to retaliate for the increased demand to prevent debt. In addition, the retirement fund programs should also be reviewed. To combat the lack of skilled workforce, Canada could loosen immigration laws or restrict early retirement age. On the other hand, the predicted tax generated from pension funds withdrawal could partially compensate for the increased expenditures. The decrease of younger population will be honorable as expenditures on education will be reduced. Furthermore, the increase spending in retirement associated items such as retirement homes could generate more tax. In the long run, Canada could increase funding on medical advances to allow for cheaper and more sustain able healthcare alternatives. Also, the public should also be continually advanced to invest in privately owned funds.SummaryEurope and other developing countries are suffering for unanticipated changes in fertility rates and aging routines. As a result, the workforce has been decreased and is burthen with higher age dependency ratios. In effect, higher tax rates are required to sustain the increased demand. Predictions suggest living standards per capita in Japan, US and Europe will be on a decline over the next 50 years. Europe would suffer a 20% increase GDP debt in the next 50 years while Japan and US would suffer from 21.5% and 10%. It is also expected that workforce productivity rates will decline.DiscussionGenerally, developed countries have higher elderly population as their healthcare systems have been established. Also, the lower fertility rates could be blessed on education as people are putting off marriages to a later age due to further studies. Another reason is th e increased youth dependency ratio. Compared with 3rd world and certain developing countries, it is not sensible to reproduce as children are a liability instead of an asset. For example, children can be used as labor in farms while in developed countries, direct them to school requires cost and time. Also, many couples put off having children because of their demanding career. However, because of this short term microeconomics demands, the long term microeconomics will suffer. Developed countries debt rate are projected to rise, and workforce and productivity rates are set to decrease due to the decrease of income tax. To combat the low workforce rates, countries should invest in technology to increase work efficiency. This will also control wage inflation. Also, countries could encourage immigration to balance out the elderly.SummaryTo combat the issue of wage increase elderly population and low fertility rates, France has acted by increasing children incentives. This insurance policy was launched in the 70s and also aims to lay aside more women in work. As a result, France has succeeded to be Europes 2nd highest fertility rate with 1.9children per womanhood compared to Irelands 1.4. Also, France has Europes highest female employment rate. Incentives include 3 year paid parental leave, free full time preschool, support day care, fixed wage for nannies, and monthly childcare allowances. In addition, oculus class mothers could receive up to 1000 Euros for having a third child. Thats almost like the minimum wage of 1200 Euros. This incentive policy is also seen in other European countries such as Germany cand UK but its not as beneficial as Frances. In the future, France plans to increase the grants to keep the birth and women employment rates healthy.DiscussionDue to Frances low population rate, an incentive policy to keep fertility rates up is price the high cost of expenditures. The costly benefits offered to women who work and reproduce is worth it a s it keeps the workforce healthy and growing. As a result of increased income, the countrys GDP growth rate would increase as more people are spending their money. That will lead to decreased country debt which means tax rates could be lower. Once the tax rates are lower, local and international investments will bloom which increases a countrys GDP. Also, the extra money could be used to invest that will potentially improve a countrys take cost and productivity efficiency. However, this is only sensible as a long term investment as if it is short termed, the countrys GDP would be greatly affected. Frances plan should be replicated in other underpopulated developing countries to prevent the white-haired(a) problem.SummaryProjection info says that ageing population in Australia is set to double in 40 years. Average work force age is expected to decline. The problems are blamed on low birth rates that unable to sustain the switching rate. It is also blamed on longer life expectancy . Australia has addressed this issue by creating a program for young skilled immigrants to enter the country. This will relive with the growth of the workforce and the workforces skill and productivity levels. However, this is not a viable solution as the immigrants will also age in the future which will force Australia to allow more immigrants in yearly to balance the deficit.DiscussionThis inevitable issue of the grey population is affecting most industrialized countries. Apart from the decrease in workforce members and productivity and skill levels, low birth rates are unable to sustain the replacement rate. This would result into the drop of Australias economy and wage inflation which could drive off potential global investors. as yet worse, the wage in Australia is already higher than other countries. The effects of wage inflation are already seen with major automobile companies such as Ford moving away from local manufacturing to other developing countries such as Thailand. A gain, the solution of young skilled immigration workforce would not be viable as its a short term solution. To truly solve this unprecedented issue, Australia should follow Frances footsteps of providing with children benefits.SummaryThe rising rate of the greying population in emerging countries are posing a problem as they are clingting old before they get rich. It has created problems such as pension plans that are turning non-sustainable. In addition, developing countries tend to suffer more due to the majority in unceremonious labour sector that salaries do not contribute to the countrys pension plans. In a life cycles perspective, the economic needs and income making vary over the course of life. Due to the increasing greying population, the elderly consumes more savings than generated during youth. This is critical as the country will result in slower growth compared to a country with more working youth people. This will also result into debt.DiscussionAgain, increasing wom ans participation in workforce by providing supple working hours or government funded day care could increase workforce participation. Also, the government can reduce citizens benefits or increase the tax to save costs. In contrast, a country without debt will likely throw reduced tax and more growth as it encourages business to invest. Thus, investments in technology will increase efficiency on the countrys production possibilities frontier. Also, it will increase competition which is beneficial for the GDP growth. However, problems related to to less income generated from the youth than used by the elderly could pose a serious problem. This will directly result in debt and could possibly wampum a long and painful recession. To only solution is to generate increased revenue. However, I believe developing countries that do not have established pension plans might not suffer as much as developed countries with high return pensions. Although we cannot learn about this problem from the past, we salve can make long term decisions that will save us from unexpected economy situations in the future.

Lehman brothers, credit crunch and the recession

Lehman br another(prenominal)s, credit labor and the recessionIntroductionThis report will boil repulse aside on the credit coquet and recession and how they have affected the headache environment that stanchs that operate within it and how their resources were affected. A case study on Lehman Brothers Inc is excessively include and will analyse the strategies of the unwavering and how it coped. It is important to represent that the credit crunch and recession are to separate situations hardly female genitalia occur at the very(prenominal) metre. A credit crunch happens when bounds and other credit companies are little willing to lend bills and nominate high spare-time activity judge to compensate the increased essay of alter where as the term for a recession is used when an economy experiences cardinal conse vacillationive turds of negative growth. For example the total number of goods and service produced by a country (Gross Domestic Product) would have to d ecline on a quarter by quarter basis for six months to be deemed a recession.The Credit grateThe term credit crunch was erst a term only understood and used by economists unless over the past dickens course of instructions it has been widely used in the media and in day to day life to describe the money troubles flock are experiencing.The credit crunch can be simplified as banks and other credit im separate firms being much aware of the try customers and each other pose when lending therefore placing high(prenominal)(prenominal) engage rates on loans to cover risk of infection or entirely declining to suffer loans to higher risk customers. This cautious behaviour leads to dearer credit cards and owes qualify state very expensive, pensions and Isa rates will decline. Investors will also be less willing to part with their money as dividing line grocerys fluctuate quick and in some cases bankruptcy and repossession will occur.Current Credit CrunchThe credit crunch w e are currently experiencing started in 2007 but was caused by companies strategies that worked in the economic microphone boom but as the boom stop and the economic climate changed companies fai conduct to react. Before 2007 the world economies were experiencing a boom and with money f deplorableing freely pecuniary companies became reckless, lending money with cheap have-to doe with rates to high risk customers who decorateed into property. The US RecklessnessIn the US companies were even more reckless giving billions of dollars worthy of owes to customers who were high risk for example no job, income or assets to secure against. The companies justified these tough mortgages by insisting if the customers ran into trouble climb house worths would allow them to remortgage their properties. At the time this dodging worked as the central bank interest rates were low but as they rosebush companies still carried on with the same strategy not suited to accommodate the rise a nd as house prices began to illuminate borrowers started to negligence on payments sending everyone into panic.These factors alone were not the sole condition for the global credit crunch it was the way in which the debt was change on to investors that spread the problem global. US banks were packaging sub-prime loans ( muckle with weak credit ratings) into mortgage backed securities (collateralised debt obligations) these were sold on to hedge funds and enthronization banks who amend they were a great way to generate high returns, resulting in higher bonuses and profit margins. When interest rates rose and house prices fell customers started to default on their loans, the value of these investments plummeted resulting in huge losses for banks globally. How it affected the UKUK banks and fiscal companies were watching how easy the US companies were making money so invested severely to gain a piece of the high returns the US companies were reporting, the investment of prime( a) was the sub-prime backed investments and as the US admit merchandise crumpled and interest rates rose the returns decreased and resulted in companies writing off billions of pounds worth of debt. As the risk of these investments increased finding new investors became impossible and some UK banks were using a securitisation strategy by using the investment market to fund their mortgage business and as the investments could not be sold the banks were left with the debt, causing them to decrease lending to safe guard their pay or in some cases fall into administration or bugger off nationalised as Northern Rock did.The result of the credit crunch meant acceptance rates increased rapidly meaning the good value mortgages concourse were enjoying were no longer available, fiscal businesses became paranoid as to whom to lend money, increase interest rates and asking for higher deposits to secure against default on payments. Businesses in troubleThe stock markets were in turmoil an d dropped sharply as authorisation plunged and as powerful financial companies fell to the credit crunch paranoia set in and companies tried to secure themselves against facing the same fate. This resulted in businesses being unable to run their day to day operations. In just about product based companies there is a time gap amidst fruit and sales, and some credit is needed to pay for production before receiving cash from sales. M either companies relied on credit for these cash flow issues and in the economic boom overdraft facilities etc were easily accessed, but as the credit crunch set in financial companies cut down on lending leaving m whatsoever companies with higher costs than income guide to cuts in production and workforce to balance their finances.As the credit crunch caused banks to be nationalised and financial firms to go bust, the rate in which banks lend to each other (libor rate) rose to its highest since 1998 way above the Bank of Englands base rate this ind icated that they were c one timerned as to who may go bust or simply didnt have any money to lend. This tense environment increased packs worries and loss of effrontery in each other indicated how hard the credit crunch had it the financial sectors once vast resources hard.RecessionThe term recession is used when an economy experiences twain consecutive quarters of negative growth. For example the total number of goods and service produced by a country (Gross Domestic Product) would have to decline on a quarter by quarter basis for six months to be deemed a recession. The latest recession has been blamed on the fall of the financial markets but many causes have attributed to the severe downturn of the global markets.As the credit crunch flush the world economies slowed down, and the price of raw materials increased. at heart a year the price of oil soared 40%, other materials such(prenominal) as steel and wheat etc saw similar rises. This resulted in higher production costs for companies that use these materials and transportation, energy and the service sector also saw costs increase repayable to the increased cost of blow out and oil. When a business develops increased costs they tend to try and cross them by raising the cost of their product or service so their consumers incur the cost which is called cost push inflation, this is where income becomes squeezed then reducing spendable income. They can also cover these costs by cutting down on other costs such as workforce, some companies margins could not stretch to meet the higher material costs and subsequently went out of business. For example Silverjet, all these factors affect the economic downturn and contribute to the recession.The whirl of the housing market also contributed to the decline in the world economies. In boom years confidence was high and borrowing and saving was encouraged, this meant consumer disbursement was at a high and became a major factor target economic growth. Consum ers were able to remortgage their home easily as their homes grew in value, which enabled more spending and construction was easily affordable and profitable as people had money to buy or build new homes.As the boom came to an abrupt end the factors are reversed, borrowing is now harder and less winsome as higher interest rates are attached thus meaning less money to spend meaning less demand, leading to economic growth to contract. With borrowing limited and spending low, house prices conduct to decrease reducing the effectiveness of the policies being used to combat the economic downturn such as the monetary and expansionary fiscal policy.The loss of confidence in the financial sector as the credit crunch hit has created a sense of paranoia amongst people who have lost their confidence in the wider economy. This has stopped people investing even if they have money to do so they are keen to keep hold of it as bail as they are unsure what to expect. Spending has also decreased f or the same reasons consumers are cutting back on shopping etc, this causes companies to enter into price wars or to cut down on production, costs are cut to enable the company to offer the lowest price or to simply survive. Cost cutting measures usually mean job losses, this increases unemployment which limits the amount people can spend therefore meaning companies need to make me cuts it turns into a vicious cycle that government stimulus packages try to combat.Lehman Brothers Inc.Lehman Brothers Inc operated at a wholesale level, dealing with governments, companies and other financial institutions. Its core business included buying and selling shares and fixed income assets, trading and research, investment banking, investment focal point and private equity. In family line 2008, Lehman Brothers filed for chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. The company became insolvent with finances totalling $639 billion in assets and debt worth $619 billion it became the largest bankruptcy in hi story. The company employed 25,000 employees worldwide including 5,000 and was the fourth largest US financial bank at the time of the bankruptcy. It also became the biggest victim of the subprime mortgage disaster that had vomit the global financial sector into meltdown.HistoryIn 1844 23 year old Henry Lehman the son of a cattle merchant immigrated to the joined States from Rimpar, Bavaria. He set up home in Montgomery, Alabama where he opened a wry-goods shop. In 1847, following the arrival of his brother Emanuel Lehman, the firm became H. Lehman and Bro. With the arrival of their youngest brother, Mayer Lehman, in 1850, the firm changed its name again and Lehman Brothers was founded. The brothers expanded their dry goods store into a cotton business afterwards noticing the potential the super valued cotton had, even accepting cotton as a payment for products within their shop. Cotton trading became a key part of their business and they eventually relocated to New York, there Lehman became a segment of the Coffee give-and-take and then on to the New York Stock Exchange in 1887. In 1899, it underwrote its first public offering, the preferred and green stock of the International Steam Pump Company. The company then went from capability to strength underwriting many companies and becoming a powerhouse in the financial industry, prospering through world wars, civil wars and the great depression but the US house market crash proved to be its undoing as greed and the need for higher pay led them to take the determination to invest heavily into the subprime mortgage market which led to its demise.Subprime MortgagesSubprime Mortgages are loans offered to customers who would not usually be accepted for credit due to a forgetful credit score. The loans often have higher interest rates due to the higher risk a company takes by lending to a subprime borrower. There are many types of subprime mortgage plans on offer, the most common is the adjustable rate mor tgage (ARM) which at first charges a fixed interest rate and then switches to a floating rate confident(p) a margin. ARMs can be misleading to subprime borrowers who jump at the chance to take out a mortgage they were previously denied. By charging lower rates at first the mortgages reined in borrowers but as their rates were reset to variable rate which were considerably higher than the rates the borrowers were previously paying and many could not offered the new payment requirements resulting in loan defaults.During the boom Lehman were trading tremendously well and decided to invest in mortgage lending by acquiring five mortgage lenders, which included subprime mortgage lenders BNC Mortgage and Aurora Loan services which specialised in Alt-A Loans. Alt-A Loans are categorised between prime and subprime loans, Alt-A borrowers have alter credit histories but have limited documentation therefore occurring a higher risk, these borrowers proved very attractive to lenders as they cou ld charge them higher interest rates than normal prime loans but were less risky than subprime borrowers. Lehman Brothers SuccessLehman Brothers acquisitions proved a success at first memorialize revenues from Lehmans real estate businesses enabled revenues in the capital markets unit to surge 56% from 2004 to 2006, a faster rate of growth than other businesses in investment banking or asset management. The firm securitised $146 billion of mortgages in 2006, a 10% increase from 2005. Lehman reported record profits every year from 2005 to 2007. In 2007, the firm reported net income of a record $4.2 billion on revenue of $19.3 billion. Lehman Brothers were still continuing to grow and in February 2007 stock reached a record $86.18, meaning Lehman had a market capitalisation of close to $60 billion. This masked the real problem as by the first quarter of 2007 defaults on subprime mortgages rose to a seven-year high. Investors started to have concerns that rising defaults would affect Lehmans profitability, but the firm reported record revenues and profit for its fiscal first quarter. These concerns led to Lehmans chief financial officer (CFO) insisting that the risks posed by rising home delinquencies were well contained and would have little impact on the firms earnings. He also said that he did not foresee problems in the subprime market spreading to the rest of the housing market or hurting the U.S. economy. This bidding showed the company had become reckless and the prospect of higher profits and holding investors happy became their main concern and as long as profits were good the strategy stayed the sameCredit Crunch hitsFive months after Lehmans Brothers chief financial officers assurances that the company would be unaffected and safe from the housing problems the companys risks seemed to be catching up with it. Lehmans stocks fell sharply as two of Bear Stearns hedge funds failed, it caused them to shut down the BNC unit and cut 2500 jobs and also shut down some of its Aurora offices but as this may have been a sign of them cutting down their mortgage portfolio they continued to pursue the mortgage market becoming the major instrumentalist gaining a portfolio of mortgage backed securities four times that of shareholder equity. The risk seemed to have paid off as their stocks increased and calm returned to the market, this was the probability to trim down their massive portfolio and release funds to secure against any losses the mortgage market may encounter by investing in other areas, however they seemed to choose to keep hold of the convex portfolio.Lehman Brothers leverage was a high 31 in 2007 which in tandem with its massive mortgage portfolio made it progressively vulnerable to any change in the market. In March 2008 Bear Stearns struggles continued and confidence in Lehman was fading resulting in a drop in shares of over 40% and although they managed to increase confidence by raising $4billion dollars people were beco ming increasingly worried about the size of the companys high risk portfolio.In June Lehman put down a second quarter loss of $3billion but managed to keep confidence high by raising $6billion through investors and noticing the ticking time run out they were sitting on boosted its liquidity pool to an estimated $45 billion, decreased coarse assets by $147 billion, reduced its exposure to residential and commercial mortgages by 20%, and cut down leverage from a factor of 32 to about 25.However, these measures were perceived as being too little, too late. On portentous 22, 2008, shares in Lehman closed up 5% (16% for the week) on reports that the state-controlled Korea evolution Bank was considering buying the bank. Most of those gains were quickly eroded as word of honor came in that Korea Development Bank was facing difficulties pleasing regulators and attracting partners for the deal. On family line 9 Lehmans shares plunged 45% to $7.79, after it was reported that the state- run South Korean firm had put talks on hold.This caused the companys hedge fund clients to pull out, season its short-term creditors cut credit lines. On September 10, Lehman inform ignominious fiscal third-quarter results early that highlighted the feebleness of its financial position. The firm reported a loss of $3.9 billion, including a write-down of $5.6 billion as well as these shocking results Moodys Investor Service dealt the company another blow as it announced that it was reviewing Lehmans credit ratings, and also said that Lehman would have to sell a legal age stake to a strategic partner in order to repeal a rating downgrade. These developments led to a 42% plunge in the stock on September 11. With $1 billion left in liquidised assets, Lehman was quickly running out of time. Last-ditch efforts over the weekend of September 13 between Lehman, Barclays PLC and Bank of America, aimed at working out a takeover of Lehman, were unsuccessful. On Monday September 15, Lehman declared bankruptcy, resulting in the stock plunging 93% from its previous close on September 12

Overrepresentation Of Ethnic Minorities Essay

Overrepresendation Of hea whence Minorities judgeThe overrepresentation of favorable minorities in the wretched nicety hold ons looks like this in 79.6 of arrests in 2009-10 those who were involved classified advertisement their hea becauseality as white (Race and the CJS, 2010). In 2010 the judge for indict commensu roll offences were exalted for white persons at 81% than for social minorities, 74% for black and 77% for Asians (Race and the CJS, 2010). However, statistics march that ethnical minorities ar overrepresented at all(prenominal) stages of the Criminal arbitrator System. In 2009 Black people made up 2.7% of the people aged 10 and above but represented 8.0% of those arrested in England and wales, while Asians made up of 5.6% of the population aged 10 and above and represented 5.6% of those arrested in England and wales (Race and the CJS, 2010). As ethnic minorities they be more(prenominal) than potential to be stopped and searched by police, this l eads to a greater probability of arrests and in turn may influence the way their slicknesss be dealt with as they go on by the subsequent stages of the criminal on the dotice edge. They be less probable to be disposed unconditional bail, and more possible to be remanded in bondage than white offenders. In 2010 a higher per centage of ethnic minorities (Black 27%, Asian 29%, other 42%) were convictd to immediate custody for indictable offences than whites (23%) (Race and the CJS, 2010). Ethnic minorities argon withal more likely to engender punitive dooms than white people and are overrepresented in aspects of current hatreds such(prenominal)(prenominal) as robbery, drug offences and -in few areas- firearms offences. Ethnic minorities are also more likely to be the victims of crimes. It was seen in the British crime survey 2010-11 that the stake of be a victim of crime was higher for all ethnic minorities than white groups (Race and the CJS, 2010). Over a period of 5 years the find of universe a victim of crime from the white group had signifi tramptly fallen by 8.0% while the decrease in the risk of organism a victim of crime from ethnic groups was non statistically signifi enkindlet. It is unornamented that there are also variations in the overrepresentation of different groups within the ethnic minority category and also betwixt gender, patterns and levels of offending also qualify portentously (Race and the CJS, 2010).To particularise this down this seek, the screen go come verboten of the secretivet focus in the main on the overrepresentation of ethnic minorities in the sentencing stages of the Criminal Justice System, even though it is recognised that those of Asian background are plainly rough overrepresented in the prison house population in comparison to those of black background. It does non opine there is no need to inquire on whether they excessively protrude unlikeness in the Criminal Justice System or not (Gabbidon, 2010). concord to the Race Relations Act 1976, segregating against a person ground on racial grounds means treating them less favourably than they should be treated it is therefore illegal to discriminate through delivery of goods, facilities or services to the unexclusive based on racial grounds (John, 1987). This, however, does not apply to officials representing the confidential information as they are exercising powers to exclude or punish. Judges are therefore immune when exerciseing in juridic capacity this means the act does not apply to the sentencing of offenders in the coquettes (Gabbidon, 2010). in that respect confine been disputes to brace this taken disclose(p)(p) of legislation for it is argued that those in constabulary enforcement who have the power to strip an singular of their freedom and liberty should act in respect of racial origins of the defendant (Michael, 1989). This helps to ensure justice as well as confidence of ethnic minori ties in the legal system. Ethnic minorities are also seen to be discriminated against by courts they are untold more severely dealt with when it comes to designates received in courts, more likely to be sent to prison than whites who have committed the same offence (Hood, 1992).To be able to find out whether sentencing is affected by campaign and if dissimilitude does come through it would have to be evident that when all relevant legal unsettleds are taken into account, a higher number of ethnic minorities are given a custodial sentence and/or a longer sentence (Marian, 1991). A strategy to address this overrepresentation of ethnic minorities in sentencing is needed to consume to stupefyher departments and find ways to reduce it. The aim of this look for essay is to look at literature and establish whether patterns of sentencing among ethnic minorities differ in a significant way from patterns of sentencing among whites. It will also look at the nature and extent of the var iation in sentencing -if any at all- what power cause the variation and any available solution strategies. The investigate inquiry that will be investigated will thus be Does racial discrimination inhabit in the sentencing stages of the Criminal Justice System?It seems al closely dirty to answer such a seek indecision without assessing public depression on the sentencing process and its simile to line of achievement as it can be assumed that their opinions are meaning(a) even though not promptly (Hough, 1998). The significance of public opinion can be seen for interpreter in the observation that was made by the Lord Chief Justice, Lord Bingham. He observed that it would not seem right for a judge to omit any public opinion when in court. Similarly the late and former Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher noted the importance of the incorporation of public opinions in the sentencing debate (Hough, 1998). To explore the public opinions on the social occasion of run for i n the sentencing processes of the Criminal Justice System a questionnaire was distributed to a small consume. The questionnaire helped to explore such a potentially sensitive topic round race and sentencing, especially because the questionnaires were anonymous and sinless in private. Key points were identified that were utilise in the construction of the questions (see appendix 1 for questionnaire guide) these include available sentencing options for ethnic minorities, imprisonment for different practices of offences, sentence leniency and sentencing length. This would shine light on the public opinions and whether or not pressure from these opinions affects the finale make in the sentencing process of the Criminal Justice System and how this purpose is influenced by the race of the defendant.LITERATURE REVIEWSince the growth of ethnic minorities in Britain with its peak in the 1990s the interest in their progress has increased. The largest share of ethnic minorities was t hose who classified themselves as black or Indian (Gabbidon, 2010). The growth of ethnic minorities was not astray accepted and the resistance towards them was shown through racism and violence. Not exactly were ethnic minorities the victims of these attacks but they were also first to be arrested and sentenced for the same attacks (Gabbidon, 2010). The overrepresentation of ethnic minorities in crime and justice can be seen in primaeval history, for example through the work of Frederick McClintocks crimes of violence (1963), which studies violent crimes and finds that the conviction rate of black people increases by 13% in a pair of 10 years (McClintock,1963). This helps to inform the research question as it dialog almost the history of race and discrimination.It is grand to investigate the procedure that occurs when an individual is to be sentenced, when researching the effects of race on the differences in sentencing. This is made expel by Bowling and Phillips (2002), whe n they note that once a suspect has been supercharged with an offence at the police station, their expression file is sent to the teetotum prosecution service (CPS) in dictate that they can advert the decision just about whether to proceed to court with the contingency or to terminate the human face in which case the defendant does not have to attend court or view criminal charges. Shaun L. Gabbidon draws from this however and claims it is from this that the itemors that play a type in such a decision can be determined. According to Gabbidon it is toil almostwhat to determine that race affects or plays a affair in this decision as the race of the defendants is not disclosed (Gabbidon 2010). Showing that race might not be central in this decision. However, even though race might not have an influence at this stage, it is muster out to others such as Hood (1992), Mhlanga (1997) and Banks (1999) that race does affect prosecution, sentencing and legal representation.The sentencing process is unity of the classical stages of the Criminal Justice System, not only is an important decision to be made but this is also how justice is seen as universe d mavin (Ashworth, 1983). It is, therefore, important to consider the races of the judges themselves, which in England and Wales are predominantly white. This leads to immediate assumptions that ethnic minorities are then automatically at a disadvantage (Mathews, 2009). Research into this issue may show half-size bias in race and sentencing, but it is argued that if previous offences and the seriousness of the case are considered, ethnic minorities are most likely to get a harsher sentence (Blumstein, 1982).Ethnic minorities are seen to be very similar, for example when it comes to social economic characteristics and this may be seen as affecting and/or influencing the sentencing decision. This can be seen in a study conducted by Imogen Brown and Roy Hullin (1992). They looked at the decision-making pro cess of over 3,000 defendants, from this they discovered that over 50% of the black defendants were unemployed, this being more than double that of white or Asian defendants was seen as influencing the decision (Brown and Hullin, 1992).The inquiry on the portion race has on sentencing is enlarged in the study by Roger Hood (1992). Hood wanted to find out the race effect of sentencing and to do so he looked at 2,884 defendants who appeared in different Crown dallys in the West Midlands. The study was set to chance upon the variation in sentencing for each ethnic group through multivariate depth psychology on the basis of 15 variables that were selected. Hoods findings were unsurprising in congeneric to previous research he found that the racial difference in sentencing was less than what might have been assumed. He found that only 5% of blacks were more likely to be given a custodial sentence than whites and that 80% of the overrepresentation of black offenders who were in prison were there repayable to the gracelessness of their offences and not their race. He also found that most ethnic minorities opted the pinnacle court and pleaded not guilty, this however, meant that when found guilty they were more likely to get a harsher sentence (Hood, 1992). It is important however, not to take these findings at face value as hoods study faced a lot of issues more or less(prenominal) method actingologically and theoretically. Representation of this research was also a problem due to the sentencing differences between the courts that were investigated (Hood, 1992). For example Birmingham Crown Court, which had the largest percentage of the whole try out, the chance of a black offender to be given a custodial sentence was one in three while in Dudley Crown Court the chance was one in deuce. This means if most of the distribution of cases had been from Dudley Crown Court and not Birmingham Crown Court the results would have been more racially biased (Hood, 1992) . The methodological issues resulted mainly from the prediction scale used and its verity of only 75 per cent and their risk of custody score which could only include relevant factors and in so doing leaving out important factors such as unemployment (Hood, 1992).Hood himself admitted that he did not aim to domiciliate a general or casual explanation but wants to make sure that the reasons for these differences in treatment between ethnic minorities and whites should remain adequate to(p) to speculation (Spalek, 2008). Although the numbers might be small, Hood did manage to show that discrimination in the crown court dwells, both direct (for example through bail decisions, the rate of sentencing and sentence imposed) and indirect (for example through the decision to plead not guilty and social inquiry reports) (Spalek, 2008).It is lead that previous research on race and sentencing tends to focus on the role of the courts and the judges and how they make their decisions. Referen cing the work of Hood brings the purpose of this research into context. The research explored public opinions on the role that race plays in the sentencing stages of the Criminal Justice System. Those being researched were approached and informed about the topic of the questionnaire and were prompted to participate (volunteer take in) this potentially include participants with a variation in gender and age who were interested in and had an opinion about the role of race in the sentencing process of the Criminal Justice System. Research into race and sentencing like those referenced above and others similarly bring up concerns about some of the questions go forth unanswered about the topic. Many of the research findings on race and sentencing have issues -for example methodological and theoretical issues and concerns this results in the difficulty to prove that a relationship between race and the sentencing decision exists (Spalek, 2008). This research will try to contribute to t he result of this gap, by focusing on the attitudes and opinions of the public about their views on the topic.To have a better and deeper understanding of the research findings, the research will be drawing on some theoretical concepts. If discrimination against ethnic minorities does exist, in the sentencing stages of the Criminal Justice System, this could be due to prejudices that are difficult to omit (Anderson and Taylor, 2007). A prejudice is seen as an attitude that serves cognitive and emotional functions. screw and knowledge is one of these functions, it is important for an individual to feel they know what they are doing and understand the founding in which they do it in (Anderson and Taylor, 2007), in this case judges will most likely feel that convicting and sentencing ethnic minorities just because they have been treated so in past cases shows their understanding of the world and how things work. Second is the instrumental function which is associated with rewards a nd punishments (Anderson and Taylor, 2007). An individual is then most likely to follow the attitudes of their preferred groups just so they could be rewarded in the case of judges for example for promotions and higher pay rolls. This type of discrimination can also be explained through Tajfels social identity element opening (Anderson and Taylor, 2007). It duologue about the importance of a positive self-image to the individual, and how they feel their social identity is enhanced by categorising people into groups, in and out cast groups.On the other hand, the discrimination against ethnic minorities in the sentencing stages of the Criminal Justice System could be an exaggeration or a myth and this could be explained by the simple fact that ethnic minorities commit more serious crimes that are more likely to get convicted and sentenced compared to white offenders (Spalek, 2008). These factors could all play a part areas and environment in which they grew up in, social and materi al deprivation, boundaries up the employment ladder and inadequate socialisation, just to name a fewer (Mathews, 2009). It is, therefore, evident that it is difficult to draw conclusions that race is the main explanation for the higher and harsher sentence rates of ethnic minorities as there are too numerous variables affecting the same decision.As race and sentencing are widely researched topics, it is important that their definitions are not assumed. In the questionnaires conducted, race was used in terms of being a system in which categories are created for homo based on their ethnic background (spalek, 2008). Ethnic minority will be used in relation to the different national or cultural traditions that a group has in comparison to the other population (spalek, 2008) in this case being whites, and the ethnic minorities will include blacks and Asians and those who sort themselves as other. Sentencing will include all types of convictions, ranging from custodial/prison sentence s to participation service. These words were used in this way in the analysis to narrow down and avoid any confusion. This made the topic easier to investigate.METHODSPARTCIPIANTS15 questionnaires where neckd for the purpose of this research the questionnaires were obtained from individuals whose participation was entirely willful and they were not offered any compensation. The participants were approached in Coventry town centre and were asked to complete a questionnaire. collectable to the nature of the topic the respondents were given the option to take the questionnaire home and complete it in private. They all varied in gender and age however, no specifics were noted about their age or gender due to limited clip and the low significance of the issue. Volunteer sampling was used, a type of non-probability sampling, through this the volunteers self-selected themselves into the questionnaire (Bryman, 2008). This ensured that those who volunteered to complete the questionnair e had a strong interest in the topic. This sampling method was also beneficial as it reveals important aspects and opinions of the population being sampled. Although this sampling method has questionable issues, especially with representation (Bryman, 2008), this was not much of a problem to the research as it was mainly for exploratory purposes.MATERIALS AND PROCEDURESThe method used closed-ended questionnaires. This was seen as the better cream at the time of research as these questionnaires would help to get responses from large quantities at a time with no interviewer effects (Seale, 2004). The research question does racial discrimination exist in the sentencing stages of the Criminal Justice System? Meant that topics to be addressed in the questionnaires would be sensitive and/or embarrassing to some, it was, therefore, easier to be addressed through an anonymous questionnaire (Babbie, 2010). In using questionnaires interviewer variability was avoided and the questionnaires also proved to be more convenient for respondents. The questions were constructed from guided topics (Blaxter, 2010). What was being explored was invite and this resulted in a better understanding of the questions and the questionnaires were then completed at a express rate (see appendix 2 for questionnaire). After volunteers had shown interest on approach, they were briefed on the purpose of the research, each volunteer was then informed that they could stop doing the questionnaire at any time and that the questionnaire would remain anonymous and they were reassured that their data would not be used against them, that their information would not be handed to third base parties and would only be seen by an examiner.Some of the volunteers completed their questionnaires on the differentiate and some took them away and posted their responses. A one-week time frame was left for the questionnaires that were taken away at the end of that week 15 questionnaires were collected in total . Univariate analysis was used to analyse the questionnaires, this was used because it allowed the analysis of one variable at a time, frequency tables were then used to pillow slip the data and they were used in relation to all of the different types of variables by providing the number of people and the percentage belonging to each category for the variable being analysed (Bryman, 2008). For research such as this it is important to address some ethical considerations in order to collect good data (OLeary, 2004). In light of this the participants were reassured about the confidentiality of their responses. Participation was voluntary, this meant that informed consent was obtained and so participants understood the research and its intentions, and they were not being deceived in any way.FINDINGS AND EXPLANATIONSResults from the analysis of the questionnaires indicated that the public are not satisfied with court systems. The first question on the questionnaire asks respondents abou t their opinion on the type of job that some criminal justice professional do. Only 23 percent of respondents intellection that judges were doing a good job 48 percent vista that they were doing a fair job and 29 percent cerebration they were doing a poor job (see appendix 3). Judges received the worst paygrade in comparison to police officers, magistrates and prison officers. Police had the highest percentage of doing a good job at 70 per cent (see appendix 4) and magistrates and prison officers were in the middle with 50 per cent each (see appendix 5 and 6). These findings are supported by the theory of prejudices. According to the theory of prejudice, attend and knowledge are its main functions, it is important for an individual to know what they are doing and understand the world in which they do it in (Anderson and Taylor, 2007). By inquisitive the work that the judiciary does the public also doubts that the judges know what they are doing and whether or not they understa nd the world in which they work. Prejudice is hard to remove showing the difficulty in combating the negative opinions of the public.The respondents were then asked about their opinions about the leniency of the sentences that ethnic minorities received for certain crimes (robbery, drug offences and crime offences). Just over half thought that the sentences were too lenient (59 per cent) to some extent and just below half of the respondents (41 per cent) thought that the sentences were lenient enough. In comparison to the previous question it was discovered that about 90 per cent of those who thought judges were doing a poor job also thought that the sentences were too lenient (see appendix 7). This shows that the more judges were seen as being out of touch with society, the more they were seen as doing a poor job, therefore, grown lenient sentences to ethnic minorities.It was then important to establish whether or not the respondents knew about the types of sentences that were ava ilable. Respondents were asked to list as many sentencing options as they knew. It was evident that prison was the most widely known, this lack of knowledge of alternative sentences could explain wherefore the public root for harsher sentences or imprisonment. There was limited knowledge of non-custodial sentences. succeeding(a) prison were community service (70 per cent), fine (65 per cent) and probation (58 per cent). The least popular options include compensation (18 per cent), conditional charge (15 per cent) and electronic tagging (20 per cent) (see appendix 8). It is then clear that although the public are aware of some sentencing penalties, not all of them are known as a result not thought of when the public talk about sentencing. This lack of awareness of the different types of sentencing has significant consequences when hard to determine the role of race in the sentencing stages of the Criminal Justice System.The respondents were then questioned about 3 types of crime ( robbery, drug and firearm offences). Respondents were asked to estimate that out of any 50 ethnic minorities that were convicted of any of these crimes, how many ended up in prison. Robbery had the highest estimates of individuals ending up in prison (45 out every 50), drug offences were not off the beaten track(predicate) off with estimates of 43 of every 50 and drug offences falling behind but not far off with estimates of 40 out of every 50 (see appendix 9). These results were inter-linked, those who estimated high numbers robbery did so too for the remaining categories and those who put slightly lower numbers for robbery also did so for the remaining two categories. The estimates about imprisonment also seemed to be related to the leniency of the sentences the offenders received. For example, the respondents who stated that the sentences were too lenient also put down lower estimates of imprisonment. This shows how unknowing about the sentencing practice can be a major asce ndent of the disappointment that the public experience about the judiciary. This could be explained by the theory of instrumental function which involves individuals following the attitudes of the groups in which they prefer for rewards rather than punishment (Anderson and Taylor, 2007). So the public, though being ignorant and having no idea about sentencing might still have negative opinions due to the simple fact that this is the view of their preferred group. through and through this an individuals self-mage and social identity are seen as being more important (Tajfels social identity theory).REFLEXIVE distinguish OF METHODSThe purpose of the methods used was to collect information on public opinions about the process of sentencing and how this is affected by race. The questionnaire was used to collect direct information relating to the opinions of the public about the behaviour of certain people it also looked at the basic opinions of a group of individuals in relation to the issue in question. The questionnaires were also used to collect information which can then be tracked over time to investigate any new changes (Bryman, 2008). Questionnaires were the choice of method mainly due to the sensitivity of the topic it made it short for participants to respond freely to the questions even though they might have matte uncomfortable about the topic (Bryman, 2008). This was because there was no interviewer available and the questions could remain anonymous and could also be completed in private if the respondents wished to do so.During the research the researcher was expected to perform certain duties in order to fulfil their role. Some of these included taking the responsibility of finding out about what was expected of the research, taking the initiative in identifying any issues and problems, confinement the recommended reading, producing the written work needed, consulting with tutors about any difficulties that are encountered when undertaking the wor k, generating ideas, vista realistic deadlines and ensure that the research meets with the required regulations (Babbie, 2010).To ensure credibility of this research, similar instruments were used because they can be assessed in a direct way. These included objectivity and reliability which are positivist and quantitative constructs (Seale, 2004). Credibility is then achieved through objectivity because with the use of questionnaires the beliefs and values of the researcher could not have affected the results, meaning the findings could not depend on who did the research (Seale, 2004). It is important for researchers to maintain their distance from what they study. Credibility was also achieved through reliability because the questionnaire was close ended and standardised, this means the questionnaire can easily be repeated by different researchers and the chances of measurements being consistent are high. The need for credible research had an effect on the way the research was co nducted because to ensure credibility certain guidelines needed to be followed and deviation from these was not permitted. As well as advantages, the method used had limitations and this may have affected the validity of the findings. For example the response rate was low (raising generalizability and illustration issues), there was little to no control of who volunteered and completed the questionnaire (can lead to bias). The topic being researched is a colonial one, the questionnaire failed to touch upon these complexities of the topic. The responses to the questions were limited and this meant that rich, in-depth and detailed information could not be self-collected (Seale, 2004). To avoid these issues in future triangulation can be used, therefore the strengths of one method could make up for the short comings of the other and vice-versa.CONCLUSIONSIt is clear that the role of race in certain stages of the Criminal Justice System such as sentencing is very important. From earl y history its evident that race plays some sort of role in the sentencing of ethnic minorities. The main focus has been on how the race of an individual can increase or decrease their sentence. Through the literature reviewed it is clear that race does influence the role of the sentencing decision making in the Criminal Justice System though not as large as anticipated. It shows that there are far too many variables to accurately study this process and come out with valid and translator results, either way some important variables are left out or irrelevant ones included. The research question Does racial discrimination exist in the sentencing stages of the Criminal Justice System, is, therefore, answered, however, not with much significance.To take the research question further questionnaires were conducted to assess public opinion on the role of race in the sentencing possesses of the Criminal Justice System. The questionnaires were conducted on a voluntary basis and respondents self-selected themselves to participate. One of the main key findings was the publics dissatisfaction with the court system, it was also significant that those who stressed the poor quality of the execution of work with Criminal Justice professionals also stressed that sentences were too lenient and they were not severe enough, also high estimates of ethnic minority imprisonment were made in relation to specific crimes. Through this, it was concluded after the analysis of 15 questionnaires that most of the respondents had little or no knowledge of alternative types of sentencing and that this had major consequences when it came to the the true of their opinions about the role of race on sentencing decisions. The research question was then further informed, from the analysis of public opinions it can be argued that racial discrimination does exist in the sentencing stages of the Criminal Justice System, but to some extent. However, the sample was too small to draw any significant co nclusions from the findings due to the issues associated with methodological analysis and theory. If the opportunity was to arise, this study would be taken a step further it would be expanded to include a larger and more representative sample. More respondents would give the opportunity to include a more generalizable sample and therefore result in more reliable and valid results about how race influences the sentencing decisions in the Criminal Justice System.

The relevance of coaching and mentoring

The relevance of t for each one and wise maning learn and mentoring both be considered to be real principal(prenominal) activities in organisation cooking in the present-day(prenominal) business sector date, where on that point is high competition among diverse competitors in market with disparate types of timbre products and dishs. All these organisations in modern management strongly believe in the sirement of the military soulnel resources in their as they consider homophiles as an as devise and step upstanding resource for achievement of their organisational goals and accusatives. So the thread kind fitted to comprise out their job roles successfully and to make original the achievement of the organisation objective by their hard unravel, skills and demand, organisations arrange activities handle busbar and mentoring to achieve their objectives by means of human resources in the organisation.Coaching and mentoring argon popular capability-buildi ng tools, especi anyy in the atomic number 18a of drawship culture. They are in truth some(prenominal) mentioned in proposals and reviews as key elements of good capacity-building practice. Yet despite their current status, umpteen of us are unclear what train and mentoring re bothy acquires, and where and when they work. 6This denomination is rough the perceptiveness of the basic concepts of instruct and mentoring, the basic definitions of these both terms, what is the difference among the concepts and b preparees of learn and mentoring, and what are the processes that organisation habituate to hire or develop a proper coach or mentor in their organisation.Objectives of dateThis assignment is divided into 2 task, following are the objectives and requirements of each soulfulness tasks. travail 1The objectives / requirements of task one of assignment are destine the terms mentoring and coachDemonstrate a unfavourable and clear understanding of the differences among mentoring and learn jobCritical reflectiveness of skills requisite to be an rough-and-ready coach and mentorCoaching and mentoring processesLeadership behaviours ( breachicular attention must be paid to theories on demand, learning and emotional intelligence) and styles that accommodate mentoring and teach job strategiesTask 2 interest are the objectives / requirements of the task two of the assignmentcritically evaluate how the current academic surround on teach and mentoring go forth enable you as a homosexual Resources Manager to instill the vastness and value of coaching and mentoring to makeups.Critically reflect on how your academic inquiry on coaching and mentoring has contri evidentlyed to the development of your subject knowledge on Human resources.Critically reflect on your achievement of any two of the mental faculty learning outcomesDefinition of MentoringMentoring is an indefinite, alliance based activity with several particular and wide rang ing goals. It does not turn out to be a globe process. The mentor is a facilitator who works with either an item-by-item or a chemical congregation of people over an extended meter period. The agenda is promiscuous and continues to evolve over the longer term. Mentoring seeks to build wisdom the ability to put through skills, knowledge and experience to naked situations and processes. 2Mentoring dealingships shtup deliver a keep d feature of critical benefits to nonprofit transcriptions and their employees. They atomic number 50 accelerate learning and expand the overall competency base of lag. They tail help assure brass sectional agility, flexibility, and imagery in difficult terms, withdrawing on the guidance of sea newsed victors. They slew correct the quality of work products and services through the use of feedback loops. They shtup strengthen networks and build collaborative ties between the arrangings or work units where mentors and mentees are ba sed. And they can help protect nonprofits from unforeseen liabilities, as mentors help mentees judge risks and manage challenges. Mentorship fosters employee loyalty and commitment, amend morale duration enriching organisational grow making it more(prenominal) humane and accountable to community. 3The activities of mentoring a precise all most-valuable(predicate) when there are some persons in governing body at elderly positions, got good experience of operative with memorial tablet, fool good knowledge of organization products and services, good understanding of the organisational structures and procedures, and that person wants to voluntarily or through the set procedure of the mentoring for the organization with new and un experienced employees in very informal, and friendly way. Different organization irrespective of the structure, size and business of the organization are buildting benefits from the process and procedures of mentoring.Definition of CoachingTo sur vive and make the organization a prosper institute in the tough era of competition, it is pick uped from the organizations to bring to pass at their best with high level of military strength and penury towards the achievement of their organisational goals and objectives. This clearly indicate that certain skills the cares of leadership skills, taking advanced decision on right time (decision making) similarityships between different staff members, creation and innovation activities, time management, accent management, controlling issue of high importance, conducting and controlling collisions effectively are all those skills and activities which the organizations has to be at very best in recount to overhear a prominent position in the market.To carry out all the above activities in proper way the organization can charm the benefits of all these, the term coaching are use. As there is no one agreed on definition of coaching exit but different management writer have come up with their own definition, in all of them some terms remains the same like running(a) for the onward motion of skills and informations in organization through a very structured process.The term coaching includes activities colligate to developing the organizational capacity of whole organization ( such as increasing leadership for instructional reform). It includes back up management and employees reallocate their resources and meliorate their use of data in the service of improving instruction and it includes activities directly related to improving instruction (such as one on one observation and feedback of employees instructional strategies and small group learning of new content and pedagogy). 1The focus of coaching is on meeting very peculiar(prenominal) objectives within a set period of time. Coaching is mainly concerned with performance and the development of certain skills. It usually crawfish outs side on a one-to-one basis and has a very specific single-valued function. There is usually a fancyned program with a overmuch shorter timeframe than in mentoring, so the learning goals are usually determined in advance. 2Mentoring and coaching can be stand alone activities, but they can besides be employ to complement each early(a).Characteristics of coachingFollowing are the main characteristics of the coaching presented by the Chartered Institute of force play and Development (CIPD), and closely of the coaching professionals agree with these characteristics and consider these characteristics as bedrock for coaching activities in the organization.This is development through one to one discussion. hallow people understanding on their weaknesses and strengths.The aim of coaching is to address a specific issue.It is considered as short term activity, but its impact is very long term.This is known as non directive developmentThe purpose of coaching is the improvement of performance and enhancing skills of idiosyncratics and group members working in the organization.It addresses different issues with the infixed environment of the organization, and external organization.The organizations conduct coaching activities for the achievement of both organizational and individual goals.This is time specific activity.It works on the premise that clients are self-aware, or can achieve self-awareness.It is a skilled activityBenefits of coaching and mentoringThe coaching and mentoring helps organization in enhancing their human resources skills and make them able to carry out their job roles and responsibilities in way which is efficient, effective and which helps the management of the organization to achieve their business goals and organization objectives. The coaching and mentoring makes the management able to turn up the employees activities and role in the way that they want, it helps individuals working in organization in the improvement of their in the flesh(predicate) and professional skills, and make the employees ab le to achieve their individual targets and those of organization.It provide the employees a safe blank to delegateEnhance the skills which the individuals cut acrossAbility of learning new skills depict an insight into yours skills as a coach and mentor and also to those of early(a)s.Get un parti prised, confidential support reserve fresh prospective on the related issues to work, work property and organization environment.Provide the opportunity to make biased functions clear between the individuals in the organization. variety between coaching and mentoringThe differences between coaching and mentoring are practically considered beingness very min, even most of the people think it coaching and mentoring as different names of same concepts, and it can be difficult to order between coaching, mentoring and steering. In practice, mentoring for example is sometimes used interchangeably with coaching. Traditionally, however, mentoring in the workplace has tended to describe a re lationship in which a more experienced colleague used their greater knowledge and understanding of the work or workplace to support the development of a more junior(a) or inexperienced member of staff. Similarly, it can be hard to draw a clear distinction between coaching and pleadering, not least(prenominal) because many a(prenominal) of the theoretical underpinnings of coaching are drawn from the domain of a functions of counseling and therapy. For the purpose of managing coaching services the key distinction to be drawn is that coaching is for those who are psychologically well a coach should be able to recognize where an individual is so distressed by individualized or social issues that he or she needs to be referred to specialist counseling or other support. Coaching and mentoring processesAccording to Robert Dilts different organizations and individuals work on development activities in different forms, these activities are conducted by motorbuss sometime bit by some organizations uses the concept and approach of internal and external mentors and coaches.Robert Dilts stipulate the following process for coaching and mentoringGuiding This the process which leads individuals and groups within organization from their current state to the to a desired state in their personal and professional life, same is the case like a car journey, the person driving is on current location and decides the target location and plan a certain path to reach the target.Coaching is the process of improving another persons awareness close the deficiencies in his / her field and area of work, sets a target for that individual to achieve and improve a certain behavioural performance.Teaching is the simple process of helping individuals and groups by an nice person to develop the skills and learning knowledge about a particular thing, place or person.Mentoring helping to shape an individuals beliefs and values in a exacting way often a longer term career relationship fr om someone who has done it beforeCounseling is the process of helping an individual to improve performance by resolving situations from the past.Every event that occurs in coaching is tied to activities in someones head. (Some people may argue that coaching is more heart based. Whatever your perspective is on this, consider that emotions have correlates in the brain too.) This means that a brain-based approach should underpin and let off either good coaching model and provide the field with an underpinning science. A brain-based approach is going to be inclusive and bring the disparate field to greater cohesion.Second, a brain-based approach to coaching looks attractive when you think about the other contenders for a foundational discipline, the obvious one being psychology. From an organizational perspective, psychology suffers from a mixed history and a perception of being unscientific. bit psychologists are the first people called on if someone is in crisis, most senior lead ers would not consider them for improving performance because of the bias they assume psychologists have for therapeutic languages and models. A brain-based approach on the other hand is something tangible and physical. We live in a materialistic world where organizations respect things that can be measured. To bring about the wide- scale use of coaching as a learning or transformation tool, we need to speak to organizations in a language they understand. 4The main reason it may be time to build a brain-based approach to coaching is simply how profoundly useful this approach is. It is interesting to be able to explicate in scientific terms why the brain needs coaches, but it is even more useful to know how coaching helps the brain improve its functioning. This points us to ways we can better measure, manage and deliver coaching initiatives, whether one to one, training internal coaches, or in teaching coaching skills to thousands of leaders. 4When to choose coaching and mentoringFo r the management of any organization it is very all-important(a) to choose between the activities of coaching and mentoring, their always remain some space for the improvement in organization, but the selection of activities of coaching or mentoring for the most part depends on the nature of the improvement that the management wants in organization, or the weaknesses they tint and want to overcome on.The below table shows information regarding coaching and mentoring and leave provide idea to the management of the organization on what to chose and when to chose.Mentoring may be best when.Coaching may be best when.The employee needs an expert or sponsorThe employee bequeath benefit from specific knowledge about the organizations culture, values, and norms, especially when the information is informal and difficult to obtain from traditional sourcesThe employee is moderately clear about their career and developmental goalsThe employee lead be helped by receiving directionThe empl oyee is a senior or more experienced leader or where developmental issues may require strict confidentialityThere is a strong desire or need to practice, apply, or implement new skills and behaviors, and excellent complement to traditional training.The employee realizes there is a gap between where they are and where they want to be (skills, knowledge, career, achievement, etc), but isnt sure how to address itThe employee will be helped by sustained, objective support scientific disciplines required for good coach and mentorGetting people to change is becoming increasingly important in our rapidly changing work environment. The dominant view of organizational leaders is that getting people to change just requires information and the right motivation we need to know what has to be changed, and then use incentives to move people to behave differently. This is a lesseningist perspective, which works well in any linear system if a machine breaks down, we work out logically where the s ource of the problem is, and then simply replace the part. However, if the thing broken is someones communication style, finding this out and trying to replace the part is not real. In fact, the more information we have about a human problem, the deeper the problem may become. 5The above discussion shows the complication of the process of coaching and mentoring, that both of these are not an easy task to do, and it often requires skills, abilities and experience in the relevant field for the person who is going to take the position as coach or mentor in the organization. The skills required by a coach or mentor also depends on the field in which he / she is going to provide the mentoring or coaching facility, following is brief description of the most popular skills required by a coach and mentor in order to fully sate the needs of his / her job role.Skills required for good coachAs coaching is a very structures and organized activity in each and every organization, so the person who is to be called coach must be having seemly skills and abilities to organize people, lead people, and plan well in order to improve the humans skills and abilities and also to overcome on their weaknesses. Following are eye skills to be found in a good coach.Must be able to provide facilitate clarification of the goalAvailable to employees all the time to guide them from a kale point to the finish hold open a threshold to keep focus/trackProvide fit knowledge and help to employees that they may overcome on hurdles in pursuit of the goal.Strong Interpersonal SkillsTechnical CompetencePatiencetrustworthinessA Non-judgmental AttitudeBelief in Lifelong LearningSkill at Providing Instructional SupportGood Listening SkillsSkills required for a MentorAs mentoring is more pore on individual relations in organization, normally this relation exits between an experienced and new staff member, the experienced member of staff is normally called as mentor, so the requirements from mento r is that he / she must have enough experience to work for that organization, and have all the related data and information on the products, services, and structure of the organization.A successful mentor should have the following skillsAble to corrects mistakesActs as a personal cheering squadGuides in improving the futureProvides counsel and wisdomSupports the journey from fantasy to realityProvokes thought and wider perspectivesLeadership behaviors and stylesThe activities and processes of coaching and mentoring needs the role of leader in organization who initiate the process, set the targets for it, and then plan the procedures to achieve the targets by proper coaching and mentoring activities, and during these activities also evaluate the process and its success by setting milestones, and motivate their team members and employees towards the achievement of their career and organization business objectives.Coaching and mentoring are two personal development methods that nurture a persons own abilities in order to improve behavior and performance. The processes of coaching and mentoring are similar insofar as they are both a series of conversations (spoken or written) between two individuals. However, there are subtle but significant differences in aim, ferocity and style. Coaching tends to be viewed as more task- orientated, skills- focused, directed and time-bound, whereas mentoring is more focused on open-ended personal development. The reality is that there is considerable convergency and overlap between these approaches. To get the best out of mentoring and coaching, we need to start by exploring their origin, evolution and application to leadership development. 6The achievement of organizational goals largely depends on the humans working for that organization organizes different activities and the results of those activities depends on how much they are dedicated towards those activities and how much the organization staff members are motivated. The banter motivation is common in popular language, but is not easy to define rigorously in a scientific context. The concept of motivation is related to, but distinct from other concepts, such as instincts, disgusts, and reflexes. motivated behavior is usually goal oriented the goal may be associated with a mother such as hunger or thirst (called primary motivation). However, motivation is also closely tied to sensory stimuli an tool will not usually exhibit eating behavior unless victuals for thought is presented. Unlike instinctive behavior, motivation depends on affect (emotional state). Finally, motivation can be learned (in which case it is called secondary motivation) and typically elicits more mixed behaviors than simple reflexes.Motivation theories and coaching / mentoringThere are so many motivation theories by different management writer the focus of each and every motivational theory is on the fulfillments of the needs of individual working for that organizati on and through highly motivated humans the achievement of the organizational goals. In this part of the assignment I will focus unaccompanied on one motivational theory ( withdraw theory) which is very closely related to the gaining motivation of employees through different activities of coaching and mentoring. removes TheoryHulls theory provides a framework within which motivated behavior can be analyzed. Hull (1943) proposed that the initiation of learned, or habitual, patterns of movement or behavior is called motivation. In addition, Hull proposed a distinction between primary motivation, the evocation of action in relation to primary needs, and secondary motivation, the evocation of action in relation to secondary reinforcing stimuli or incentives. Primary motivation is the cornerstone of Hulls drive reduction theory. According to Hull, events that threaten survival give rise to internal drive states, and behaviors that act to reduce drive are thus rewarding. For instance, lac k of food causes an increase in the hunger drive, and the consumption of food is rewarding because it leads to a reduction in the hunger drive.In our daily experiences we are face with a continuously fluctuating combination of multiple drives and incentives. Somehow we must be able to select the behavior that is most appropriate in a given situation, while suppressing other, less adequate behaviors. Thus, motivated behavior requires a form of competition. According to Hull, at any given time the behavior with the greatest potential to reduce a given drive is released. If the drive persists, that behavior is inhibited, and the second strongest response in the drive hierarchy will be released, and so on.The concept of the Hulls theory shows that organization can get the benefits of the employees skills and knowledge about the job role if that employee is highly motivated, and motivation can and be gained through proper process of coaching and mentoring activities.Assignment Task 2T he requirements from this task are to measure and critical evaluate the current academic debate, and also a critical reflection of the learning during this lineage and assignment.Evaluation of academic debateWe have describe motivation as the internal force that energizes behaviors, and that determines which particular behavior will be emitted in response to a given set of environmental stimuli and to the internal needs of an organism. Motivation is a complex topic of interrogation that has been studied from many different approaches.During this coursework I come across the different areas of management which focuses on the development of human resources in the organizations in order to achieve the organization goals and objectives, coaching and mentoring are the two most important activities in this regard which are most widely used and sound in different organizations. The theories of different management writers have declare the motivation as the key factor in getting human in volve in the activities of the organization which will not only results in the betterment of the individual skills and learning but also make the organization goals achievements realistic one.The academic debate during this course was very enough to meet the requirements in proper way and make the students able to understand the core of the issues which influences organization business and why they need to have an individual or group of individuals as coach and mentor in the organization and they use different motivation concepts in order to motivate the organization staff to get the desired results of the process.The nature of coaching and mentoring activities also depend largely on the size and structure of the organization, the nature of their business, the products and services they produce and how much they are focused on the personal and professional skills development of the humans working for them. These activities help in micro skills development, and the micro-skills of co aching include helping the manager develop the skills and attitudes to help and individual manage situations from within their own resources (Egan, 2004). During this symbolize of the training, the individual is introduced to the concepts of Empathy, Respect and Genuineness.Reflection on academic learningDuring this module I come across different concepts of human resource development in the organization, how to motivate individuals working for organization, how the management of the organization implement different management theories in order to get the desired results of the activities like coaching and mentoring, the process of human resource development and motivation, that how an individual working for or on the behalf of the organization can be motivated to put their degree Celsius percent in performing their job role and focusing toward their personal and professional skills development, and through the proper use of their skills and knowledge the achievement of their orga nizational goals and objectives, while the employees must understand the importance of the coaching and mentoring activities which the management of the organization conduct for them and actively participate in those activities for their own personal and professional skills development, and learn the knowledge and information which will make them able to perform their job role very efficient and effectively.Conclusion and RecommendationsTo achieve the business goals and organizational objectives organizations use the different approaches which are discussed in very point in this assignment. In this part the conclusion is given of the overall debate some recommendations for organization management who wish to improve the banner of coaching and mentoring in their organizations.Coaching had its origins in the world of sports, with coaches helping competitors to achieve success through structured and focused instruction and tutoring. In the 1980s, executives of major companies cognis e the potential a coaching-style intervention could have in helping them to work more effectively. Such approaches also permeated the development world. In the 1990s the familiarity Development Resource Association (CDRA) in South Africa was using such an approach as part of its development practitioner formation programs.Mentoring has been honest in different cultures for hundreds of years. But it is only recently that mentoring has been (re)discovered by the hole-and-corner(a) sector, and now by the civil society sector, as a tool for leadership development. The origin of mentoring can be traced back to Greek mythology. When Odysseus left(p) home to fight in the Trojan War, he placed an old, swear family friend, Mentor, in charge of his household, thereby delegating responsibility for protecting and educating his son Telemachus. A mentor therefore conjures up images of a wise and sure advisor or counselor. Some African scholars make the point that such roles were commonplac e in Africa long before ancient Greek civilization.The immense literature on coaching and mentoring reveals no single definition of either term, but rather a collection of definitions that help form a picture of what the processes involve. Much of the literature explores different models that can be used and adapted by coaches and mentors, depending on their personal style and their situation. According to many definitions, while coaching and mentoring share the same principles, coaching is primarily focused on performance within the current job and emphasizes development tools, while mentoring focuses on longer-term goals and developing capability.The word motivation is common in everyday language, but is not easy to define rigorously in a scientific context. The concept of motivation is related to, but distinct from other concepts, such as instincts, drives, and reflexes. Motivated behavior is usually goal oriented the goal may be associated with a drive such as hunger or thirst (called primary motivation).Those organizations who wish to improve the standard of their human resources through structured process of coaching and mentoring, I will suggest the following in light of what I studied during this course and preparation of the assignment.Try to make the human resource management surgical incision well structured and influential on the decision making regarding human development in the organization.Hire only those individuals as coach or mentor in the organization who have past track introduce of working in such organization environment.Satisfy the needs of the human resources in order to make them highly motivated.Motivated employees can only focus towards their personal and professional skills development and can contribute to the goals and objective achievement of the organization.The organization needs to invest in their human resource, and this investing will lead them to become the market leader in their product and services.The management shoul d always identify the weak areas and the need for coaching or mentoring, and the employees should fully cooperate with the management to achieve the best of results from the process.

Constantine the Great

Constantine the GreatConstantine the Great was one of the strongest and most capital rulers in the Byzantine and Roman Empire. He make big changes and accomplishments that do the empire greater, and more powerful such as maintaining the full size of the Roman Empire, successfully defeating his enemies and competitors, and staying in charge. Constantine made huge improvements such as outlawing Pagan sacrifice, confiscating temple treasuries, and curbing Christian heresies. -(Phillip Sherrard, 1986, Pg. 10-14)Constantine was born on twenty dollar bill seventh of February ca. 272 in Naissus (Serbia). Constantine was the intelligence of Constantius and his first of all wife Helen, born with the Latin Roman name Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinu. Constantines mother promoted Christianity, made a pilgrimage to the sanctum land where she collected relics, identified sacred places and built churches. His father govern as a Roman Emperor from 293 to 306 and was the founder of the Co nstantinian Dynasty. Constantine, feeling overlook after when his father divorced his mother, distinguished himself as a pass and won the affection of the army. He excelled in military exercises, was modest, and surface informed. Constantine after joined his father, who ruled in the west. Before Constantinus died he proclaimed his son his successor (306). Constantine the Great married Minervina who either died or divorced in advance 307 and Fausta who was Maximians daughter. He had six children, one of them from Minervana but the rest from Fausta named Crispus, Constantina, Helena, Constantine II, Constantius II, and Constans. Constantine the Great had umteen excellent qualities. He was brave, active, untiring, and ruled with firmness and fairness. As Constantine got older, he adopted the luxury and pomp which was introduced from the East. He wore false hair of different colors perfectly arranged, a diadem of costly gems, and a robe of silk that contained flowers made out of gold and more precious stones. He reigned thirty years, the drawn-out period since Augustus. Since he was converted into Christianity later in his life, he was not baptized until a little time before his death. He died on May twenty second, A.D. 337 on the way to bid against the Persians. Constantine was buried in Constantinople. -(James Carroll, 2001, Pg. 346-372)Constantines most important achievement and greatest project was his new capital of Italy (Constantinople, present day Istanbul). Constantine moved the capital from Rome to the Greek city of Byzantium. He enlarged and enriched the city at enormous expense. Massive walls and terrible buildings were built, and a large chain was placed in the water to nurture their new capital. Constantine the Great provided the city with a forum, a hippodrome, a genus Circus of great size, baths, and pleasure-grounds, to make it somewhat similar to Rome. Schools and theatres, aqueducts, fourteen churches, fourteen palaces, and a great number of magnificent private houses were added later on. Constantine issued special commemorating coins in 330 to honor his new city that he created. After creating this city, he began to form a new constitution for his empire. He established clear despotism, all the power being in his hands. He outstandingly change this beautiful city, and made it equal to Rome in power and influence. non only did Constantine make his capital, Constantinople beautiful with art and cutitecture but he also filled Trier with imperial buildings and Rome with baths, and the great arch of Constantine near the Colosseum. -(Phillip Sherrard, 1986, Pg. 34-41)Constantines second biggest and most important achievement was being the first Christian Roman Emperor. After winning many battles, it was said that during the campaign against Maxentius, Constantine saw the miraculous cross in the heavens. Short after change state a Christian he made Christianity the established religion of the state. Constantin e began the abut of making Christianity the religious foundation of Europe.-(James Carroll, 2001, Pg. 58-67)Thirdly, Constantine not only earned his respectful the great title from Christian historians but also because of his military achievements and victories. anyhow getting the empire together under one emperor, Constantine also won major victories over the Franks and Alamanni in 306-8 and Franks again in 313-14. Constantine the Great invariably believed in changing plans last minute and he would rearrange things at the battle field. Constantine had a magnificent and trained army and was trained well with strategies since he was an officer in the Roman army in 272. His army stayed loyal to him at all times during a battle or when there were problems with ruling. -(J. Lowden, 1998, Pg. 12-19)In conclusion Constantine the Great had a huge pertain on both the Roman and the Byzantine Empire and was a great leader during his rule. He left behind many great computer architecture a nd art. In my opinion he was probably the most important historical figure in my civilization because he brought Christianity to Byzantines and Christianity was a big go bad of this empire since the art and architecture was based upon it. He never gave up or showed any types of weakness during battle or other times. He was a strong leader with a strong mind who greatly changed my civilization and many around it in good ways.tReference scallywagCarroll, J. (2001).Constantines sword the church and the Jews a history. Boston Houghton Mifflin.Constantine. (n.d.).Roman Colosseum. Retrieved March 13, 2011, from http//www.roman-colosseum.info/roman-emperors/constantine.htmNorwich, J. J. (19891996).Byzantium. revolutionary York Knopf .Lowden, J. (19971998).Early Christian Byzantine art. London Phaidon.Internet old-fashioned History Sourcebook Main Page. (n.d.).FORDHAM.EDU. Retrieved March 14, 2011, from http//www.fordham.edu/halsall/

Mrs Mallards Experience of Freedom in The Story of an Hour by Kate Cho

Mrs mallards Experience of Freedom in The Story of an Hour by Kate Chopin In The Story of an Hour, Mrs Mallard, who has a heart attack is the main protagonist. wish any ordinary women, she is a normal housewife who depends on her husband. The password of her husbands death gives her freedom and sets her free from restraints, marriage and a lifetime of dependency. Kate Chopin uses some(prenominal) techniques to create the image of how freedom affects Mrs Mallard. At first, Mrs Mallard is shocked by the news which is shown in She wept at once, with sudden, wild renunciation, in her sisters arms. and When the storm of sorrow had spent itself she went international to her room alone. These describe her immediate response and reveal that she is so shaken by the news that she weeps at once and goes away alone. Chopin uses some special diction like sudden, wild abandonment and storm of grief to indicate that the news is very abrupt and unsettling. These haggling create an unexpected and tense atmosphere which helps to plot the unpredictable perceptions of Mrs Mallard. Meanwhile, Chopin uses incarnation to say that the news is a sudden attack to Mrs Mallard which strengthens the dire emotion of Mrs Mallard. This can also be found in She sit with her head thrown back upon the cushion of the chair, quite motionless, except when a sob came up into her throat and shook her... This says that Mrs Mallard is so complex and jolted that she sobs helplessly as Chopin uses motionless and sob which is a somatogenic manifestation of an emotion to tell that Mrs Mallard is stunned and feeling disbelieving. Concurrently, Chopin use... ...s Mallard is now really enjoys life which is reinforces in Feverish ecstasy in her eyes, and she carried herself unwittingly like a goddess of Victory. as it suggests that Mrs Mallard is stimulated and is existence confident and proud by the trophy. Here, Chopin uses fasci nation diction feverish triumph and a simile like a goddess of victory to reflect Mrs Mallards emotion which create a very strong image of exultant which shows that she becomes approbatory to life and proud or even pride of herself. Chopin plots this to contrast to the polish She had died of heart disease-- of joy that kills. which makes a dramatic ending and marks the completion of the story.Works CitedChopin, Kate. ?The Story of an Hour.? From Roberts and Jacobs Literature An Introduction to Reading and Writing. Sixth Edition, p. 392.