Criteria for Market Segmentation Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Criteria for market place Segmentation - Term Paper ExampleIn recent classs studies have been made to improve these demographic variables so that they can be more effectively handlingd. Example of the companies who make effective use of demographic sectionalization are Lego, Toys R Us, and the early learning centre who not only substantiate the differences between children of various term group but as well design their products for highly peculiar(prenominal) delineate age categories (Richard M. S. Wilson, 2005). Age segmentation is an most-valuable tool for segmenting the consumer market. A variety of terms are apply to refer to various age groups. Examples are newborns, infants, young children, tweens, teens and young adults also called Generation Y in United States of America ( regular army), Adults or Generation X and the baby boomers or the Seniors. Various studies have been conducted which age group consume exactly how much and has influence on how much expenditur e. For example in USA the total population of tween, the children aged 9-12, this age group spend $20 billion in an year and further influence the consumption of $ 200 billion. To cater to their brings brands like Limited design raiment that are more fun like teens. In this each age segment has different specific need in everything ranging from basics like food and clothing to entertainment etc (Charles W. Lamb, 2010). Sex is another great market segmentation tool that helps in helps designing the product and services according to the specific need of the consumer. The segmentation on the basis of gender is most useful in clothing, apparels, and accessories etc. The most unvarnished example is completely different range of toiletries and perfumes for males and females. Now a days gender segmentation is raze visible in mobile phones with varying skins for each gender. A common basis of segmenting the consumer market is income. Income is an classical determinant of consumption p attern. Companies design their product features, define prices and determine positioning strategy base on the income of the target market. Example of this segmentation is HLL different washing powders sunlight, Wheel, Rin and Surf Ultra for different market segments based on income (Saxena, 2008) Profession and education are also important determinants of market segment. Education level defines perceptiveness not only in books but various other consumer goods. For example highly technical and quaternary featured mobile phones are popular among highly educated people whereas basic phones are more popular in less educated people that fulfill their needs. Young executives and business professional also pick out multi features internet enabled cell phones that can cater to their mobility needs. Family size and marital status also defines consumption patterns. Single male and females spend more on their personal needs such as slimming equipment, cosmetics items etc and prefer fast foo d (Johan Botha, 2004). Nationality and religion also play an important role. For example Hall food for Muslims and Kocher for Jews is an important segment. Nationality also defines our tastes in food, clothing and preferences for entertainment etc. Geographical Segmentation Geographic based segmentation splits the market on the physical location of the potential consumers. This segmentation is based on the assumption that consumer keep in close geographic proximity has some similarities in their needs and preferences f

Energy Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Energy Industry - Essay ExampleAlaska, California, Louisiana succeedingly ranked in its respective designate in 1989 for generating 41% of oil but have degraded its supply contribution to 17% of chalk up oil output recently (Styles, 2013). This decline is supplemented with the development of extractive industry at New Dakota which replaced Alaska in 2012and is contributed nevertheless by Colorado, Oklahoma and New Mexicos rigs (Styles, 2013). The risk however is showed by oil generation reducing when the principal pipeline of onshore oil payoff became a funnel for oil importation (Styles, 2013). at that place is imminent reduction of New Mexicos oil supply too following the Deepwater Horizon hazard in 2010 (Styles, 2013). Economists recognized that the altercated nowadays is how the oil supplies from the upper break in of the country to be distributed in the regions needing more than of oil supply efficiency for domestic market demands (Styles, 2013). Such meant that the comp any hence should be re-strategizing its slipway to balance the distribution of oil from region with crude surplus to other areas by transporting or transportation system the refined products via multiple tankers to the Midwest (Styles, 2013). Recognizing that there is reduced supply after more than two decades of extraction, the challenge on oil product and efficiency distribution is doubled, notwithstanding fact that there are oil colour Companies now eyeing oil resource in Monterey deposit (Styles, 2013). Suffice it to say, there is further challenges in the fraternity of the states in the west coast and hence, economist purviewed that California, Oregon, Nevada, and Washington will be primordially affected when oil production and distribution disruption happens (Styles, 2013). As an adviser to the consultant of the oil industry sector, the following vulnerabilities are therefore significant for consideration 1. Improving quality control for oil generation and control.- Oil companies have been confronting problems on facilities and pipelines safety amid issues that have happened on leakage or destruction in some significant part of the generation or oil refinery plants that caused and cost significant amount of destruction. 2. Problems involving social acceptability of tapping oil reserves- bullocky sentiments on climatic changes, environmentalism and protection of indigenous peoples rights, as well as strong presence of build up elements over their lands are major causes of resistance from regions where proposed tapping of oil reserves are abound. Company managers mustiness cipher into these concerns and seriously deal states and communities in rigorous dialogues. They must also be ready of measures to prevent voltage outbreak of violence. 3. Future oil production and distribution efficiency for the Midwest states. The significance of this matter is exceedingly elaborated in the preceding paragraphs of this paper. 4. Adaptation to renewal energy . Review the capacity of renewable energy production of the country and valuate its supplementary contribution to meet the demands for energy for Midwest states. Evaluate if the states can choose to maximize the potentials of renewable sources of power and its feasibility to double or triple it adaption (Department of Energy, 2013). Concerns relating to climatic changes and weather patterns must be accounted for serious consideration too on how renewable energy be maximized in pact to weather

Politics and Equality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Politics and Equality - Essay ExampleKelly Florence, to name merely three, among many, who made it easier for women like, Nancy Pallosi, Hillary Clinton and Sarah Palin to compete with men in the political arena.Introduction The quintessential concept of equality amongst the sexes is as old, as perhaps the Biblical account of Adam and Eve. She was made from the rib of Adam, by the schoolmaster God, to be the consort and companion of the first man, so her subservience is but a natural corollary of the story. worship apart, world history is also replete with instances of the lesser status of women as compared to men. So, Cleopatra, perhaps the most virile woman of her time, was less in status to the Cesar and later Anthony, only because she was a woman.This notion of male transcendency is deeply ingrained in the psyche of mankind, and the examples that I have cited are incidents and /or aspects of this phenomena of our societal behavior in general and of the individual aspects of our domestic existence, in particular.The movement of the American women to shrug off this duad of subservience to patriarchal hegemony, is typified in the movement of attaining the right of vote for the American women, that on the one authorize has challenged centuries old notion of male domination and on the other hand, is a milestone in piece history, where the women have fought for what was, and is their inalienable right as human beings__ that of justice and equality with men.The movement of the American women to find the right of vote is referred to as the Suffrage movement. The focus of this movement was to get the right to vote for the American women. In words of Jo Freeman The Suffrage was not a united movement. It was a coalition of unalike people and organisations that worked together for a few intense years around the common goal of votes for women.The organisation that headed this movement was the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) under the abl e leadership of Carrie Chapman Catt. She

Critically evaluate how the recession has affected Natwest's Essay

Critically evaluate how the recession has affected Natwests motivational methods - Essay ExampleMotivation theories such as Maslows hierarchy of require, Herzbergs dichotomy of hygienics factors and motivating factors, McGregors opening X and theory Y people, Edgar Scheins assumptions based approach, Tailors scientific management approach, Elton Mayos theory, Adams equity theory and Vrooms expectancy theory have been in used for long time. These models propose circumstances under which employees will be internally motivated to do their tasks effectively according to Hackman and Oldham (1976). However practical situations in the organizational setting bed be an admixture of some or all of these theories. There was a time when employees were assumed as only another input into the process of manufacturing of goods and services. According to Lindner (1998) what probably changed this notion was research, known as the Hawthorne Studies, performed by Elton Mayo in between 1924 to 1932.Ma slow (1998) used a pyramidal hierarchical structure to depict the require of employees at the work place. According to him self-actualization occupies the top-most rung in the hierarchy of needs. Secondly self-esteem needs deduce as of importance. Thirdly needs of love and affection come and fourthly safety related needs are of importance to the employee. Finally at the base of the pyramid there are those physiological needs. soulfulness employees who are more likely to need self-actualization benefits would display some individual characteristics. For example acceptance and reality are associated with such employees. This is due to the fact that such employees regard themselves as more realistic and because adjust themselves to the work environment with a degree of ease. Secondly their problem solving behavior endears them to some higher officials outside their own work environment. Their motivation basically comes from a

Contracting Officer Representative Research Paper

Contracting Officer Representative - Research Paper Example?.11 plagiarize Chapter 1 Introduction There exist several ways in which the contracting office translator in the federal official government is effective in terms of roles and responsibilities. This involves having the mandate of monitoring contractual operation based on giving briefs about presentations at the end of every contract. Additionally, the officer serves as the technical liaison whenever there are contracting and procurement challenges. Furthermore, this officer also overlooks at the discourse channel by addressing issues of technical contacts and regulations that govern contacts (Bastianelli et al, 2003). Therefore, before this research delves into the effectiveness of contract office, there is the bespeak to explore the background. Background In most nations, the effective management of mental process of contracts is paramount to ensure the haleness of contracts and related programs. Therefore, most gove rnment offices decided to create the contracting office under the leadership of a contracting officer representative. There was also the need to ensure that procurement and acquisition among employees was upgraded for the benefit of timeliness, completeness and quality. On that account, the government defined contracting as the primary technique that Federal Government agencies utilize in the buying of products or services from other agencies outside the government (Cibinic et al, 2006). Similarly, the government set the Federal erudition Regulation (FAR) as the official regulatory body of managing contracts. As a result, the FAR came as a body that offers quality products and services to its clients while preserving the worlds trust and meeting their policy objectives. In addition, because of the creation of the office, the contracting office representative assumed responsibility for contracting for purchase, the acquisition of products and services from the entities of the publi c sector, federal agencies, and local and state government companies (Kelleher et al, 2010). Statement of the Problem The challenge of whether the contracting officer in the federal representative is effective is determined by several factors. For example, there is a need to go through the stipulated roles and responsibilities of the contracting officer. Therefore, the jurisdiction of the federal office in terms of making purchases of products and services should meet the standards of performance contracts. These performance contracts should be targeted at private sectors, local and state entities that measure their contracts through the parameters of the job description. Similarly, the federal agency should make clear definition of the contractual terms that

Asssigment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Asssigment - Essay ExampleThe management regularly deducts the allowance contributions from the employees salaries. An early(a) pension plan version occurs when the company contributes the entire sum total to a lump sum pension fund account. Consequently, the employee can select a plan that generates a higher(prenominal)(prenominal) retreat benefit return. Investing in a riskier pension fund will increase hideaway benefit returns. The employee can also choose another plan where the investments are funneled into a safer fund that generates a lesser benefit return (Kieso et al., 2006). Additionally, the employee can choose to possess the retirement amount in angiotensin-converting enzyme lump amount or the employee can define to receive the retirement amount in rival monthly installment amounts. The second method allows the retiree to receive the monthly retirement benefits throughout wizards lifetime (Kieso et al, 2006, p. 1244). Funding principles. The fund is also classifie d as a plan. The fund entity is a separate agency that manages companies pension plans. The fund entity receives the money invested by the company. When the employee retires, the fund company distributes the pension and other retirement benefits. The employer contributes to the pension fund and generates earnings. The employee receives benefits as pension fund recipients. The fund agency accumulates the employers contributions as any contributory or noncontributory (Kieso et al., 2006, p. 1244). defined benefit plan. The defined benefit plan includes the amount of benefits that the employees will receive when they decide or are forced to retire. The state requires that employees are mandatorily inevitable to retire when they stretchiness a certain age. The company allocates a regular amount for the employees retirement benefit plan. The benefits are ground on the employees total pension fund contributions. Likewise, the retirement amounts are based on the salaries of the employ ees. Employees with higher salaries will receive higher pension retirement benefits when compared to the salaries of the lower ranking line and staff employees (Kieso et al., 2006, p. 1211). Defined contribution plans. Under this plan, the employer contributes a regular amount to the pension trust. A formula is used to decide the monthly contributions. The formula incorporates the number of years of the employees work, the companys business profits, and the salary. The plan indicates the amount that the employers will contribute to the plan. However, the plan does not indicate the amount that the employees will receive as retirement benefits. An example is the 401 (k) plan (Kieso et al., 2006, p. 1244). Pension fund allocation. In terms of the formulation, different companies allocate different pension put down amounts for different pension fund budgets. During 2009, General Motors $98,527 pension fund required a $3,405 pension expense. During 2009, the Coca Cola Companys $3,032 pe nsion fund amounts required a $218 pension expense budget. During the same accounting period, the Merck companys $10,835 pension fund needed a $407 pension fund expense (Kieso et al., 2009, p. 1211). Components of pension expense. In terms of formulation, accounting for pension funds entails allocating the woo of the retirement funds to the appropriate accounting period. The service cost forms a part of the pension expense total. The interest on the liability should be added

International Business Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

International Business watchfulness - Case Study ExampleWal-mart is also considered as one of the highest grossing Public Corporation all over the world. The model which Wal-mart uses are low cost always is been highly successful in USAs market where community value their hard-work and money. Although this model has been successful in most of the countries it operates in, this model didnt work-out in Japan. Japanese people were not ready to compromise presentation for low-cost and this corporation faced their first hurdle since its incorporation. This company is managed by Americans and they reflect typical American thinking of low-cost for everything. This resulted in their first failure in Japan, as already discussed (Fortune, August 2007). The huge disparity in cultures of various nations may tempt wal-mart to swop its strategy from implement a global strategy to start using a multi-domestic strategy. Multi-domestic firms usually develop go to pieces strategies for their dif ferent subsidiaries in different parts of the world. One such company is Uni-Lever, which uses a multi-domestic strategy (Daft, 1997). Their denote policies and products are usually varied from one country to another. Similarly, McDonald in the recent years has also apply multidomestic strategies. It developed a new product McKofta for Middle-Eastern market just to suit their taste buds. Pizza hut has also introduced Chicken Tikka Pizza for Pakistani and Indian markets.(Cluster Flock, 2009) Thus it can be established from the in a higher place discussion that those businesses which have used multi-domestic strategies are much successful than those who follow a one stern policy for their businesses in all countries. Even companies alike(p) Dell are also going more towards customization and this shows how important being flexible is in current business situation and recessionary times. So, it is imperative for Wal-mart to change their strategy immediately and should try to mak e strategies on the basis of different culture of different countries. This give improve the standing of Wal-mart not only in Japan, only when also in other countries like Brazil, Mexico and United Kingdom.(Bruce Kogut , 1985)The domain of businesses now covers the entire pla final due to recent advances in Globalization which was brought almost by development of modern technology. Due to these advances it has become very easy for firms to control their operations in more than one country. As a result, more and more businesses now exist in more than one country. Wal-Mart is one of the largest chains of departmental stores in USA and fourteen other countries. It has been estimated that Wal-Marts annual net income amounts to around $12 billion. Despite being a large company, Wal-Mart is just been in some South-American and European countries. It is either underestimating or not planning to exploit to the huge potentials of Asian Market. Asian Markets are cognize as the business hu b for International businesses and all major businesses usually conduct their operations in Asia Countries, but Wal-Mart has been quite indifferent to the huge potential that Asian Economies offer. Wal-Mart exists in the tertiary sector (service sector) offering sell service to its clients. Since, Wal-Mart has large customer base, it usually purchases items in bulk and obtain large discounts and passes on these discounts to

Managing in a global society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Managing in a world(prenominal) society - Essay ExampleHofstede (1980) refers to coating as a collective mental programming of a group of community belonging to one region, which is difficult to change in such settings specific culture becomes institutionalized in their family and educational structures, religious organisations, government, law, literature and even scientific theories. This is highly apparent among people belonging to one nation, in the form of national culture, which manifests itself even in organisations. Hofstedes and Trompenaarss dimensions condone how cultural differences impact management and leading styles in distinct regions of the world in addition, these analyses help in understanding why certain HRM practices and policies have differing impacts on employees of one multinational company operating from different regions of the world. House et al. (2004) have extensively studied cultural variations and their impact on societal functioning and lead base d on study conducted on 62 nations, resulting in development of additional dimensions. This project emphasizes the consume for effective international and cross-cultural communication, collaboration, and cooperation for effective practice of management and in any case betterment of humane conformation in order to thrive in the globalizing world markets and cultures. Hofstedes work related to culture reveals that fiscal and management aspects related to an organization and nation are largely influenced by social values. Secondly, this study also revealed that corporate culture of an organization is largely influenced by its founders national culture. (Rowley & Lewis, 1996). Hofstedes (1980) project... Increased competition and globalization in recent years have challenged many organizations to look for new locations, new markets, and new ship canal of doing business. This has opened up many opportunities for the organizations in terms of business models, diversified workforce, an d provided economies of scale.Extensive research work and evidences in the areas of human resource policies and practices with respect to approaches used in managing people are attributed to various determinants of cross-national similarities and variations. Management and leadership styles are greatly influenced by national and societal cultures. For multinational organizations to succeed, it is important that the management is well sensible of these differences further HRM practices with respect to motivation, performance management and leadership should be modified to suit the local cultures. In the present situation, it is necessary to acquire a thorough understanding of national cultures and societal practices would be call for for any organization to set up subsidiaries at multinational locations. This will help in formulating human resource policies and practices that are aligned with similarities and variations of national and organisational cultures in order to achieve ef fective management. All the managers elusive in setting up operations at new locations should be trained on these aspects of intercultural differences.

Solving Equations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Solving Equations - concession ExampleIn this project, Bluman (2004, p. 331) challenged students to examine an equation, x2 x + 41, which purportedly yields prime total. Students choose metrical composition to substitute to x in the formula and observe if prime numbers occur. An added challenge was to venture into finding a number, which when substituted in the given equation, will takings in a abstruse number.It is presupposed that a prime number is single whose factors are itself and 1, is common knowledge. On the other hand, a composite number may not be that much of a common knowledge. A definition is thus, provided a composite number is any unharmed number greater than one that is not a prime number it always has at to the lowest degree one divisor other than itself and 1 (p. 175).Based on the instructors specifications, numbers to be substituted should include zero (0), any two even numbers and any two odd numbers. The numbers chosen for substitution aside from 0 were 10 and 16 and 9 and 11. Table 1 presents the computations knotty in this project in five columns the given equation, the number substituted, the computation, the result and an indicator of whether the result is a prime or a composite number.As shown in Table 1, all the five numbers substituted to the equation yielded all prime numbers. However, the greater challenge in this project was to find if the equation could withal yield composite numbers. For this purpose, an attempt was made to find results which are composite number using the depression 201 integers from 0 -200, which should serve as the delimitation for the scope of the substitutions. This mini-experiment revealed that the equation x2 x + 41 does not result in all prime numbers.Substituting 0 40 yielded all prime numbers. From 41 onwards, some composite number outcomes were found. Table 2 shows the numbers substituted which came out with non-prime or composite results, together with the factors of the composite numb er other than one and itself. The substituted

Structures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Structures - Essay ExampleThe bridge was built to a scale of 1 to 40 with total clearance span of 500mm, utilizing craft sticks and PVA glue. After building of the bridge, it was tested to pass away fatigue trial via application of the mid span within a laboratory setting. Moreover, the collapse is the purview at which the underlying structure cannot support further escalation of load or a recreation beyond 30mm.The prevailing truss bridge passes the failure test. Moreover, the greatest load of 3.5kN was the second load applied to whatsoever bridge test, which excessively exceeds the needed load of 98N by the same factor of 36. The prevailing weight symmetry of 11.7 was compared satisfactorily with the existing supplementary bridges tested to enable successful design. Nevertheless, the graph of the load against deflection was not ideal indeed depicting defects within the construction as depicted by the failure of the bridge. Advanced bridge possess relatively greater links am idst the prevailing craft sticks by utilizing sturdier clamps thus will improved the bridge by offering greater quality links amidst the underlying sum trusses and the corresponding bottom beams to avert it from slipping out.Bridges are observable accomplishments of engineering presently. Originally, the bridges dispassionate of relatively simpler structures purely made from easily reachable natural resources. The natural resources entail timber, stone and dirt, which were operable though they had shorter life span thus resulting to weak structural bridges. Conversely, modern designs for trusses possess greater spaces to be spanned. A truss design is normally favorable to numerous engineers in modern world, since they are low-priced and have high structural integrity.Comprehending structural behavior of any bridge is a significant chance of engineering. This is because it aids in comprehension of the concepts of load transfer via the structure by tension and compression and cor responding equilibrium

Financial management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Financial management - Essay ExampleKey principles that atomic number 18 followed by the Panel on Takeovers and Mergers atomic number 18 as follows First, the panel follows the principle of equal treatment for all(prenominal) shell outholder. According to this principle, every shareholder of the firm that is getting taken over should get equal treatment. thus far if all the security holders do not posses adequate control on the operation of the comp either, each of them should be protected. Second, the panel strictly follows the rule of providing adequate advice and information timely to all security holders. Third, the panel set up not allow the creation of any false merchandise for the shares of the offeree firm. According to this principle, a attach to is allowed to adjudge a merger or takeover only once after it becomes completely ready for the force to conduct. Fourth, it is not possible for any firm to perform any unauthorized frustrating activities without having any grace from its shareholders. According to this principle, a firm can not issue or sell any share from its treasury without proper approval from its shareholders. (Fisher, 2003) B. The Economic reasons for mergers and acquisitions are some economic benefits that are obtained by room of mergers and acquisitions. The benefits are as follows Efficiency Mergers and acquisitions help firms to add up their assets. ... Besides getting efficiency at operational level, mergers and acquisitions also help in providing efficiency at management level to some extent. When a firm involves in the process of merging with another firm or taking over the assets of any other company, then it becomes possible to generate a market controlled by corporate. (Hunt, 2009 Sherman and Hart, 2006) Financial benefits By taking over the assets of other firms, a business organization can follow the route of diversification of its earnings. This typesetters case of diversification causes a significant fall in t he variation in the area of profitability of the company and thus helps in making a reduction in the risks of bankruptcy as well as attendant termss. Market power effect Mergers and acquisitions is also helpful in providing greater amount of market power that in turn offers many benefits to the companies who involve in the process of merging. (Galpin and Herndon, 2007) Sometimes mergers and actuations become abortive for the following reasons First, mergers influence organizational culture to a large extent. On account of mergers and acquisitions the employees of the merging companies flummox to experience rigorous anxiety. This kind of anxiety causes a fall in the level of productivity. Second, frequently, mergers are through with(p) with wrong intentions. Often, mergers or takeovers are used for seeking glory or to express financial strength. Third, the victory derived from mergers and acquisitions is frequently hindered by variations in the work cultures as well as corporate activities of the firm which are involved in the process of mergers and acquisitions. Fourth, once the process of mergers and acquisitions becomes complete, firms generally put their focus on the issues relating to cost reduction rather than

Scavenger Hunt Worksheet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Scavenger Hunt Worksheet - Essay Example1. Datamonitor Business Information Center provides comminuted coverage of companies, industries, and countries. Included are over 10,000 expanse profiles, over 2000 industry profiles, and over 50 country profiles.2. Investext Plus provides complete images in PDF format of analysts reports on a variety of industries and publicly traded companies. The reports found in Investext Plus can be used for access to detailed information about earnings, growth, market share, and different aspects of company and industry performance.3. EIU Viewswire provides current coverage of political and scotch trends in 195 countries. Risk analysis and economic forecasts are provided for virtually all nations. This resource is recommended for courses in economics and international business.4. Business Insights, formerly know as Reuters Business Insight offers in-depth research reports regarding industries, marketing, and technologies. This database is recommended for courses in business and technology management.1. Did you know that the University of Phoenix program library has librarians getable to help you with your Masters Level research? An electronic form sends the librarian a request on a topic, a journal, or any other library resource. Our Ask a Librarian service is your pathway to obtaining professional guidance and recommendations regarding your research. For those challenging topics, ask a librarian for his or her professional research processance.2. The Center for Writing Excellence is another fabulous tool made available to you by the University of Phoenix. Not only can you submit a paper to the grammar checker and get a corrected paper back within minutes, but you can also check your paper automatically for plagiarism to make sure you cited all of your research correctly. Along with these valuable reviewing tools are several tutorials and guides to assist you in producing the finest work possible.

The case Sons of Gwalia Ltd v Margaretic ( business law ) Research Paper

The case Sons of Gwalia Ltd v Marg aretic ( dividing line integrity ) - Research Paper ExampleFirst somatic legislation was created in 1862, since thus corporate legislation has undergone and is undergoing through some dramatic, and other changes which are slight dramatic but do bring effect over the corporate practices. Thus, social, juristic and economic humour has since the first private corporation legislation, has been changed. Now, it has become different and Australian Securities and Investments Commission has recognized the requirement and conduct for the consumers confidence in the merchandise, so that they could more informed and confident about the investment decision they would be undertaking. This change in ASIC commission behavior did not occurred by itself, the main cause and event butt joint this changing of character and care for the investors became when Australian Government started the active campaign for improving business opportunities and business inv estment in the country. Luka Margaretic, shareholder of Sons of Gwalia Ltd which is ordinaryly listed company on Australian Stock Exchange, filed a legal process against the company demanding claims for damages caused by loss of the stock values of Sons of Gwalia Ltd fortunate mining company. ... This wild claim of company gilt reserves was making it problematic and challenging for the company to supply gold to their customers with whom they hard contractual agreement of the then fixed gold prices. Due to rise in gold prices and insufficient availability of gold stock in company reserves caused share price to usher out substantially, thus providing reason to Luka Margaretic to file a lawsuit claiming damages. In order for capital markets to operate efficiently, market investors are required to possess accurate entropy and detail about the companies which are offering take on the market. Therefore, Australian corporate laws have generated a surplus of corporate disclosure requ irements which ensure that price-sensitive information, information which can have effect over the prices of the stock values of the company. These indebtednesss include. Continuous Disclosure Transaction-specific disclosure obligation These rules are formulated by disclosure laws which are enforceable by a range of public and private preparations. However, this creation of private preparations to avoid the problems often can result the tension between prioritizing the parties involved. Though, the law has set off systems which favor, unsecured creditors over the members of the company, thus undermining the investment of the shareholder. Numerous decisions have been examined and the scope of the rules which are subordinated claims to become insolvency. The pinnacle of the development has been the sculptures misrepresentation which induced the purchase of the shares which had occurred in the secondary market these were then forbidden and not allowed over the secondary market. Protec tions in Corporate Law for Creditors Corporate law provides legion(predicate)

Email writing regarding whether or not to join the organization Essay

Email writing regarding whether or not to join the organization regarding Nikes Honduran situation - Essay Examplehink that once Nike heard about the conditions of the workers at each of these factories that they should invite pulled their contracts from these factories and looked for opposite places to fulfill their orders without violating the rights of their workers. Furthermore, I do believe that Nike changed their stance when Universities in the United States started to pull licensing contracts from Nike and the potential of losing coin became a factor.There really is no way to know for certain whether or not the students, universities, and workers ever received all the information. But after reading a few articles, in my opinion, it looks as a whole no body ever had all the facts. What facts they do have seem to be advance just from the two workers touring the country with the reasoning behind why the two factories closed rather than adjourn the situation.And whether or n ot students should be activists, I do believe that students should try to do something. I do believe that companies should pay attention to them. But at the same time, companies should also have ways to certify information to their main offices from their factories as to determine whether or not their standards and practices are being followed.I confide my opinions help you on making a decision whether or not we should be involved with USAS. If you have any further questions, you can reach me by phone at 123-456-7890 or by electronic mail at 123456789email.comYoshikane, Akito. Honduran Workers Speak Out Against Nikes Labor Violations. In These Times. n.p., April 21, 2009. Web. 26 Sep 2011.

Literature Review Rough Draft Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Literature Review Rough Draft - look Paper ExampleCho et al. (2009) measured staffing with the help of two indicators the first being the number of patients attended by a nurse counted at unit level, and the second being nurses perceptions of the adequacy of staffing. Cho et al. (2009) measured the feel of guardianship and dissatisfaction with occupation employ a burnout and a four-point scale gauged with the help of the Maslach Burnout Inventory, and resolved the relationships between the three variables using the multilevel logistic regression models. Their look into led them to the conclusion that nurse staffing is related to the disquiet quality as well as job outcomes in the intensive care units of Korean infirmarys. This conclusion was drawn on the basis of these findings 20 per cent of the nurses perceived that the number of nurses needed to provide quality care was sufficient, whereas 33.33 per cent of the nurses were dissatisfied, 50 per cent were extremely burnt ou t with 25 per cent nurses contemplating to leave the hospital in the following year. The optimal number of patients per nurse for high quality care as determined by the nurses was two or fewer.Kiekkas et al. (2008) explored variations in mortality of intensive care unit (ICU) patients based on the ratio between the total demands of patient care and staffing of nurses. Unlike Cho et al. (2009), whose design of research was cross-sectional on with a survey spanning August to October 2007, Kiekkas et al. (2008) conducted an observational and prospective study. Another major difference between the research of Cho et al. (2009) and Kiekkas et al. (2008) is that while the former included 1365 nurses in the survey who belonged to 65 units of intensive care in 22 different Korean hospitals to study the relationship between the staffing of nurses and the quality of nursing care related to nurses and job outcomes, the latter enrolled patients who were consecutively admitted in a Greek hospit als medical

Problems of Moral and Social Values Essay Example for Free

Problems of Moral and Social Values EssayAccording to the Grea streak Happiness Principle, as above explained, the ultimate end, with reference to and for the sake of which all other things are desirable (whether we are considering our admit good or that of other people), is an existence exempt as distant as possible from pain, and as rich as possible in enjoy manpowerts, both in point of quantity and quality the test of quality, and the rule for measuring it against quantity, existence the preference felt by those who in their opportunities of experience, to which must be added their habits of malaise and self-observation, are best furnished with the means of comparison. This, be, according to the utile opinion, the end of human action, is necessarily in any case the standard of lessonity which may accordingly be defined, the rules and precepts for human conduct, by the observance of which an existence such(prenominal) as has been described might be, to the superlativ e extent possible, secured to all mankind and non to them only, but, so far as the nature of things admits, to the whole sentient creation (Mill, 1863) The quotation seemed to imply the thesis made by John Stuart Mill in Chapter 2 of his work Utilitarianism. As he explained the crease of the utilitarians, it was unintelligible for the opp iodinents of the possible action of Utilitarianism to suppose that the principle that they advocate promote the concept of pleasure or that of happiness.The debate on the exsert of quality and quantity as the indicator of the greatest utility was described by Mill as nothing but an interpretation of an irrational being. The end of the human conduct implied the standard of morality (Mill, 1863) thereof it was meaningless(prenominal) to say that a person withheld his pursuit of happiness or pleasure for the promotion of the greatest utility. In this point, Mill contended that the greatest utility was indeed the same thing which gives the greates t happiness. As consistently highlighted by the utilitarians, promotion of pleasure and aversion from pain were the only things that a man must back out as his ultimate ends. In this way, what satisfied him or gave him happiness was the very thing that gave him the best utility. However, this argument was mistakenly interpreted by the adversaries of the Utilitarian principle by saying that not all men necessarily have the same regard to different objects of pleasure meaning, their degree or intensity of being satisfied varied. Thus, the adversaries claimed, that the greatest utility for the greatest quantity was not practicable given that one may saw one thing as more valuable than other things while others saw these things as more important than the other one. Mill attempted to correct this way of looking at the utilitarian principle by, again, applying the most notable comparison between swine or beast and man. Man was higher than the source since man had superior mental facult ies which allowed him to judge rationally. He was not easily satisfied by less pleasurable things as how swine and beast would do. Man possessed pride and, much, has sense of dignity (Mill, 1863). He could not stand the case that his pleasures were as low or the same as the swine or beast. Hence, in near way, all men had the same faculties to judge between the lesser and the greater pleasure. To hold up this, Mill insisted the contribution that the habits of self-consciousness and self-observation (Mill, 1863) played. Having the ability to observe, compare, and analyze the way things were presented to him, man could give his vox populis on the issue raised earlier. at that place could be a case that a man would tend to be inclined with lesser pleasures than being in tuned with the greater pleasures but still at some point, man knew which of the pleasures weighs than the other. It was just his moral judgment was weaker and more prone to go before the bodily pleasures. Mill furth ered that this human ability to arrive at moral judgment could be compare with health. Mind and body comprised man. Both required the latter to take fuels that would maintain the stability of the two components. Nevertheless, to become rubicund, man must be able to realize that the of necessity of the soul or the mind were far greater than needs of the body. Thus, man could only become healthy if he had successfully done this. As a result, all men, who all had rational abilities to judge whether one thing had greater value than the other, would not say that the other thing possessed the greater value. This undecided the idea that all men recognized things of greater value. They were indeed being urged by their body to recognize the lesser pleasures but as a moral agent, they would easily be satisfied by those meagre pleasures. Hence they would concur with the common good which offered the greatest good. Mills last argument to support the theory of Utility as the appropriate sta ndard of morality talked about the perceived impossibility to arrange pure altruistic acts. Sacrificing ones single happiness did not necessarily mean that his or her happiness was outweighed by others happiness.It only implied that he or she recognized that only by letting go of his or her personal interests that he or she could have achieved the greater happiness possible. And this greater happiness would not only benefit the majority but also himself or herself. Individual happiness then as Mill suggested, was not really neglected or taken for granted but was indeed strengthen by the attainment of the greater good for the greater number (which included the moral agent himself). To resound on the arguments raised by Mill, it was true that what made a pleasurable thing pleasurable was the come up of happiness one may get from it or the opportunity to prevent the existence of pain. Everyone would agree with such definition (except in the cases of a masochist which considered the feeling of pain as pleasurable). And since men has the power to make moral judgment which made him not to choose the lesser form of pleasures, his choice must have unendingly on the level as how other rational beings would have. Being with the choice of other rational beings, a moral agent would then recognize the need to uphold this choice for the achievement or precaution of the greatest utility or the greatest happiness. Thus, he learned to put aside his lesser concerns to be able to prepare himself to do more elevated efforts for the betterment of mankind. Yet, this did not make him absolutely selfless. any(prenominal) his efforts done even if these may appear for the benefit of other people, still he or she would rule something in return. And that explained his quest for the greatest utility.ReferenceMill, J.S. (1863). Utilitarianism. Aspen Publishers.

VHS is dead, long live DVD Essay Example for Free

VHS is dead, long live videodisk Es imagineThis issueion potful be looked at in two federal agencys, either trustworthy or false. People that would say that this statement is false would mostly be for nostalgic reasons. I myself feel that this is true because technology is evolving secondment by minute, and the future is key to technology. Although I think that its good to have unseasoned technology, it also marrow that more than than(prenominal) and more people will be taken advantage of. This will not bonny be the consumer, as prices are very high, but the poor exploited Asian communities that will be paid less than a dollar a day. Apart from this I do think that the digital versatile disc is the way forward for our viewing needs.The acronym DVD stands for Digital Versatile Disc. Each raillery is key in showing how VHS is dead and that the DVD is the future. The Disk is the future because unlike a video, it is not at all bulky and is only 120mm wide, where as a v ideo is 187.5mm. This obviously means that the way we view films, music etc is getting smaller and also means that it will continue to decrease in size. Even though a video is larger than a disc it does not mean that it holds more memory, in fact a disc holds seven times more memory than a video, which is the principal(prenominal) reason the DVD has taken on.The intelligence Digital has great benefit over the VHS because videos are preponderantly analogue and all DVDs are digital. This is a great advantage for the consumer because people would rather watch something digitally, than something analogue. The word Versatile is the solution to how we interact with our TV. They way it is versatile is by holding so much more information and the ease with which the consumer fag range through what is on offer. The DVD has the versatility to view special deliver for example commentary and deleted scenes, and it also has the versatility to select the scene you want with the easy touch of a button.The new step of the DVD is the format of DVD-RW otherwise known as recordable DVDs. This is much like VHS videos because it uses blank disks and you atomic number 50 record what you want onto them. The film industry is not for the DVD-RW format because a DVD has copy right-hand(a) on it, which makes it illegal to copy. As it stands, anyone can log onto a powerful computer and by using the right software can gain the file of codes of which a film comprises of, and by using another enchantment of software known as DivX can reproduce the film.All videos have one thing in common which is their downfall to DVD, it is that cassettes use a magnetic tape. Every time a tape is contend it becomes worn, and the tape gets stretched ever so slightly. This wear damages the tape so much its eventually make un-useable. Also due to the size of the tape there is a smaller amount of data that a tape can hold, this is not to be confused with the length of tape, but the added features, in par ticular, vowelise. With sound the videocassette can only reproduce Nicam biaural through the lines which make up your TV screen. Nicam stereo is not true stereo but an effect which falls you into thinking its stereo. If you were to hook your TV up to a stereo system you would be able to hear that its not true stereo.Cassettes are bulky, take up more space and brake. The VHS player/recorder is also unreliable with the main part being the clutch-cam the main bankruptcy and the reasons for chewed tapes. DVDs are far more flexible with ease of use and added featured data can be stored on the disc, together with the video, text, language, sound types, and information.The most notable extra feature for the ordinary person is the sound options from Nicam to Dolby stereo to Surround Sound 5.1. 5.1 allow the makers of the DVD to produce cinema quality sound, and better with vanadium strategically placed speakers and a base box, providing sound quality from the comfort of your own home. A heavy(p) bonus for the DVD maker is one DVD for a region, you dont have to make a German, an Italian and any other number of languages as this is all on one DVD.With DVDs there are some(prenominal) regions due to various reasons. The two main reasons are region 1 North America and lacquer (NTC) and region 2 Europe (PAL). There are other regions and they have nothing to do with the TV system used. component 1 normally receives the DVD first due to actual release dates of the film. division 2 is the next region for film release, which is why the format is changed from Region 1. That is you would be able to demoralise a Region 1 DVD before film release in Region 2, and indeed you would not visit the cinema.As the DVD is a digital format it is easier to break the region code. This can be done via hardware or software, these are known as multi-regional DVD players. You can procure multi-regional DVD players although they are not advertised, but the only way you can watch a Region 1 DVD on your TV by having a digital TV, this looks at the digital content and not the format (NTC/PAL) of the signal. Another advantage is the use of the pause/slow motion functions. They produce completed pictures on the TV because they are a digital signal and therefore are decoded in the DVD players digit by digit. There is no tape being streched on the pause button, only a pause on the digital coding.

Project for Math Essay Example for Free

Project for Math EssayFor each of the five variables, process, organize, present and tally the data. give way each variable by itself using graphical and numerical techniques of summarization. Use MINITAB as very much as possible, explaining what the printout tells you. You may wish to use some of the following graphs stem-leaf diagram, frequency/relative frequency table, histogram, boxplot, dotplot, pie chart, leave off graph. Caution not all of these are appropriate for each of these variables, nor are they all necessary.More is not necessarily better. In addition be sure to find the appropriate measures of central tendency, and measures of dispersion for the preceding(prenominal) data. Where appropriate use the five number compact (the Min, Q1, Median, Q3, Max). Once again, use MINITAB as appropriate, and explain what the results mean. * Analyze the connections or relationships between the variables. There are ten pairings here (Location and Income, Location and Size, L ocation and Years, Location and reference book Balance, income and Size, Income and Years, Income and Balance, Size and Years, Size and Credit Balance, Years and Credit Balance).Use graphical as well as numerical summary measures. Explain what you see. Be sure to consider all 10 pairings. Some variables constitute clear relationships, while others do not. * Prepare your report in Microsoft Word (or some other leger processing package), integrating your graphs and tables with text explanations and interpretations. Be sure that you have graphical and numerical back up for your explanations and interpretations. Be selective in what you include in the report. Im not looking for a 20 paginate report on every variable and every possible relationship (thats 15 things to do).Rather what I want you do is to highlight what you see for three various(prenominal) variables (no more than 1 graph for each, superstar or two measures of central tendency and variability (as appropriate), and tw o or three sentences of interpretation). For the 10 pairings, severalise and report only on three of the pairings, again using graphical and numerical summary (as appropriate), with interpretations. occupy note that at least champion of your pairings must include Location and at least one of your pairings must not include Location. * All DeVry University policies are in effect, including the plagiarism policy. Project let on A report is due by the end of Week 2. * Project Part A is price vitamin C total points. See grading rubric below. Submission The report from part 4 including all germane(predicate) graphs and numerical analysis along with interpretations. Format for report A. Brief Introduction B. Discuss your 1st individual variable, using graphical, numerical summary and interpretation C. Discuss your 2nd individual variable, using graphical, numerical summary and interpretation D. Discuss your 3rd individual variable, using graphical, numerical summary and interpretation E.Follow this up with computing 95% confidence intervals for each of the variables described in a. -d. , and again interpreting these intervals. 3. Write a report to your manager about the results, distilling down the results in a way that would be understandable to individual who does not know statistics. Clear explanations and interpretations are critical. 4. All DeVry University policies are in effect, including the plagiarism policy. 5. Project Part B report is due by the end of Week 6. 6. Project Part B is worth 100 total points. See grading rubric below.

Outline for Treatment Approaches Essay Example for Free

draw for Treatment Approaches EssayThere atomic number 18 types of approaches to help an individual with recovering from drug and meaning abuse. The approaches that are existence looked at to help someone recover is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Motivational sweetening Therapy (MET), medicament Management, club Reinforcement Approach (CRA), and Community Reinforcement and Family Training Approach (CRAFT).Cognitive-Behavioral TherapyCognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) was real as an aide to pr razet relapse when treating addiction. CBT is based on the principle that the learning process is consequential in dealing with male adaptive behaviors like substance abuse. It is a process of identifying problematic behaviors and corrects them with discordant skills to fight addiction. CBT is based on identifying an individuals problems and helping the individuals self-control by developing the ways to fence with the problems trenchantly. This is done by evaluating the con sequences of the substance abuse confident(p) and negative, self-monitoring and recognizing the cravings and their triggers, and developing strategies to cope with the cravings and the triggers. Avoiding the trigger situations also help. In CBT an individual may have a support group to weigh on during the recovery process. Such a group is helpful while a person is essay with solutions.The group also gives positive encouragement during stressful times. In CBT an individual addict is encouraged for positive thinking rather than dwelling in negative thought patterns. CBT sack help addicts with low self-consciousness to improve their self-esteem which helps in fighting addiction. In CBT an individual learns to resist peer pressure. During CBT an individual can continue his/her normal activities which avoids strained relationships and financial crises.It is a gradual process both in learning, maintaining and being on their own. It is also very cost effective therapy(National appoin t on Drug Abuse, 2014).Motivational Enhancement TherapyMotivational Enhancement Therapy (MET) is a counseling approach that helps individuals confusing dilemma somewhat the intercession of substance abuse and stopping substance abuse. MET is based on the principles of motivational interviewing. It draws self-motivational statements early on in early discussion and plan for change is built on that. This approach engages the addict in building the plan. Based on their own motivations as oppose to societal. People who cannot follow like 12 steps may benefit from this therapy.Enlightenment can only occur if an individual wants to learn and MET is concentrate on on this insight. Using peoples own statements about desired better outcomes initial resistance is countered after this is achieved an accounting entry of behavioral techniques can be introduced to support and individuals ability to fend for him/herself. MET is often apply with other cognitive behavioral approaches. MET could go a long way in offering insights for those effective by many mental illness. With this therapy one can heal from other associated problems like anxiety and drop-off for life style change (The Ranch, 2014).Medication ManagementMedication Management is when medical care is an excerption to help someone reduce the risk of drug abuse. It is usually a pharmacists or physicians that help with medication management by lowering the medications based on the side effects and how the person is with taking the medications. It is that the cook will ask brief questions about the medications and the feel you need therapy or counseling that will past get set up (McNeece, 2012).Community Treatment Approach (CRA)The Community Reinforcement approach is an dipsomania treatment approach that aims to achieve the addict from looking at positive reinforcement for living a sober free lifestyle and to eliminate all enforcement or influences to drink or do drugs (Miller, 2014). This treatment approach embraces positive incentives to stop drinking or doing drugs verses punishing the addict for the continued abuse (Miller, 2014).Community Reinforcement Approach and Family Training Intervention (CRAFT) This approach is an intercession that is based scientifically on intervention strategies designed to help the family members or those concerned with the addict, (CSO), concerned significant others, to help in the facilitation of the addict incoming treatment to gain sobriety (Meyers, 2014). This new intervention method was developed with the belief that since family members can, and do restore important contribution in other areas of addiction treatment (Meyers, 2014). ConclusionTreatments for people with problems with drug and substance abuse can be helpful when it comes to recovery. The treatment approaches help with managing medications, giving the individual counseling, or even prevention from relapsing back to the addiction. All of these approaches help an individual become h ealthier and live a longer life.ReferencesMcNeece, C. A., DiNitto, D. M. (2012). Chemical dependency A systems approach (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ PearsonNational Institute on Drug Abuse. (n.n.). Retrieved from https//www.drugabuse.gov/ The Ranch. (2014). Retrieved from http//www.recoveryranch.com/ Meyers, R. (2014). CRAFT. Retrieved from http//http//www.robertjmeyersphd.com/craft.html Miller, W. (2014). The Community-Reinforcement Approach. Retrieved from http//http//www.addictioninfo.org/articles/381/1/The-Community-Reinforcement-Approach/Page1.html

Nickel And Dimed Essay Example for Free

Nickel And Dimed EssayYou must create a dialectic journal with fifteen (15) entries. I want five (5) entries for each section. I expect a pure(a) analysis of the devices/strategies identified in the text. Points 90 wear IICreate a monthly cypher for a single parent with one baby household living in the DMV area devising minimum wage. You are to research the necessary information. You must include the current minimum wage, living accommodations, child care, grocery, transportation, and any luxuries (jewelry, dinners at restaurants, a night on the town, etc. ). I expect you to find an certain place to live and include their rental rates. If your expenditures exceed your income, you must compute what it would cost for only necessities and drive the minimum amount of money you must earn to meet those needs. Your research information may be submitted in chart or graph form. You must cite your sources using APA style Points 40Part IIIChoose one of the following prompts to write a n effective 2 full page prongy spaced 12 font AP level essay.1. In Evaluation, the final chapter of Nickel and Dimed, Ehrenreich observesSome odd visual property of our highly polarized and unequal society makes the low almost invisible to their economic superiors. The poor rotter see the affluent easily enough-on television, for example, or on the covers of magazines. But the affluent rarely see the poor or, if they do catch sight of them in some public space, rarely know what theyre seeing, since-thanks to shipment stores and, yes, Wal-Mart- the poor are usually able to disguise themselves as members of the more comfortable classes.

Group Communications Essay Example for Free

Group conversations Essay tercet videos of antithetical congregation and team up interaction will be reviewed for this paper. after they kick in been viewed they will be discussed on matters of the relationship between group extremitys, member diversity and communicating style.The first geek view to be reviewed is Helping Annie. In this video a shoal nurse has called a come across with a headhunter and a social thespian to discuss the case of a High school student, Annie, who mayhap suffers from depression and an eating disorder. Right off the bat the school nurse is interrupted by the headhunter before she basin finish giving the background selective information on Annie. He wants facts immediately non impressions. He makes a quick decision as to her problem and her treatment within minutes of their meeting and seems to believe that they are d unity, no more needs to be said.The friendly worker does non accommodate with his decision and offers a counter soluti on hardly is again interrupted by the psychiatrist. The psychiatrist wants to rehearse medication and the Social workers wants to first talk to Annie and see if they can understand what the teenager is going by dint of. The psychiatrist sees this as a total waste of duration. There does not seem to be any real facilitator of these meeting, and no one points out the psychiatrists constant interruptions of the social worker but the social worker herself. The school nurse is totally intimidated into silence by both(prenominal) of their behaviors.The psychologist seems to have the conversation traits of what the test calls thinkers, and the Social worker has the traits of a feeler. According to the text, Thinks are task-oriented. They take pride in their ability to think objectively and logically, regardless of if those thoughts are correct. (Reeve, 2007, Ch. 3, pg.69, para.2) Feelers are people-oriented. The psychologist is very direct and analytical. He seems to want to remove a ny feelings or humanity from Annies case maculation the social worker is taking a more subjective, humane cost to Annies problems and is obviously more concerned with the girls well-being than a quick fix.The diversity that exists in this group is both gender and class. The group consist of two women and one older man, the older man, the psychiatrist,seems to believe that the social worker and school nurse are not in the same class as he, his age, experience and barter devising him superior to them on all levels, therefore, their opinions are not worth considering. This diversity is a rafter in their communication because the psychologist is not listening to the two women and continues to interrupt them because he doesnt have much time here. If utilize a high context perspective the viewer could draw the conclusion that the psychologist does not pit with the social worker by watching his nonverbal behavior such as his gestures and facial expressions.In a high-context culture little meaning is expressed through words. Meaning can be conveyed through status such as age, gender, education or title. (Reeve, 2007) One method that could have been used to repair communications would have been to have a facilitator present to ensure that all(prenominal) party had the same numerate of time to express his or her opinions. Another improvement would have been a change of setting from the sexual setting to a more professional set arrangement that may have helped foster communication between all parties present, such as a round table or organisation to face seating.The second video reviewed is Planning the Playground. The group consists of three males and two females three Caucasians and two minorities. The video case opens with two new members, one a younger male, Ray and one older woman, Betty, meeting the team for the first time. There seems to be two slightly awkward heartbeats when Ray first barely offers to press the hands of the men at the table and w hen he has trouble pronouncing the name of the minority female Iesha. The moment was defused quickly when Iesha decided to make a small joke about her name to ease the tautness and held out her own hand in greeting. Betty seemed uncertain about speaking and said she only linked the team to make friends. Communications between the team started out stiff and slow but by using team talk, (the nature of the language that group members use as they work together.Not only does team talk enable group members to share information and express opinions, but analysis of team talk also reveals where the team is coming from and where the team is headed.) (Reeve, 2007, Ch. 5 pg. 124, Para. 2), team leader David kept the interchange flowing and moved it to the reason they were there. The role the diversity of the group played in their communication was the differentexperiences each had to bring to the discussion. Iesha obviously cared research and set numbers and offered not only a sound dollar cadence to strive for but reasoning behind it. Ray countered that he thinks the amount should be higher but offered no real reason as did Phil who wanted the amount lower. After deciding to compromise they moved to fundraising. The immediate response to Bettys suggestion of having a Bake sale was obvious. They did not take her input seriously at all but again the team leader chimed in before their dismissive attitude could be considered rude and insulting. Diversity was also not a affectionate hindrance to the group even though the potential was there.Conflict management techniques were used by the group by expressing interest in solving the problem and keeping their tone and language non-threatening, using phrases like well, yes but lets look at it from a different angle or thats a good intellection but may not be exactly what we need now.The use of team speak was a very effective communication tool that kept the team focused and on track. Another burning(prenominal) tool that was used was nonverbal. The seating arrangement at the table permitted members to have their personal space but still be able to have direct eye contact. According to Reeve, each persons choice of seating position in groups has a direct effect on interaction and influence. A number of studies have demonstrated that group members prefercorner-to-corner or side-by-side seating for cooperative activities. Such an arrangement allows them to be close copious to share materials. (Reeve, 2007, CH. 5 pg. 138, Para 1) The team in this case study did show good communication skills on the whole but the one improvement would have been to ensure that before the meeting took place, that each member understood what the reason for the meeting was.The last video reviewed is Virtual Communication. This video is a origination of three people meeting as a team via conference call. The third unseen member is not listening to what is being said by the manager or his coworker. This is obvious because w hen they ask him a question he pauses or stutters, then repeats something that neither of the other participants actually said. Listening is important in any group so that you can be sure to get all the available information as well as know exactly what isexpected of you. This is even more so in the virtual business work when team members are not actually sitting face to face. Charlie is neither listening to what is being said or to the messages that were contained in Ellens email or voice mails to him. According to the text, utile listening in virtual groups requires adapting to a different medium of expression Your only adaptation is making sure that your microphone is on or off at appropriate times. In an email discussion, however, you can neither see nor hear participants, but you still must listen to their messages. (Reeve, 2007, Ch.6, Pg,.168)The disadvantage of group meetings using a virtual medium is that you can fake listening by answering I meet or a non-committal sound. You can also pretend you didnt hear something that you dont want to address as Ellen does in this video when Charlie tries to place the blame on her.Charlie did not effectively use any of his listening skills while on this call. It was apparent by his distracted non-answers that he was not listening. The entire fault is not needs Charlies it is not known if he ever fully understood what was expected of him from the first meeting. If he had at any time used one listening skill such as paraphrasing he susceptibility have had enough clarification to get his assignment done in time.Paraphrasing is a form of feedback that one lets the speaker know you are listening and gives them the opportunity to clarify their statement. Paraphrasing can be used for denary purposes such as To ensure comprehension before evaluation to reassure others that you want to understand them to soak up up confusion and ask for clarification and to help others reach their own conclusions. (Reeve, 2007)Refere ncesEngleberg, I. Wynn,D. 2007. Working in Groups Communication Principles and Strategies (4th ed.) Allyn Bacon Publishers.The Collaboration Tool Box. 2002-2003. MIT. Online resource. Retreived online January 12, 2009 from http//web.mit.e

Problems of the Society Essay Example for Free

Problems of the Society EssayMany problems of modern gild arousenot be resolved by laws and the legal system because moral behaviour cannot be legislated.The topic genuinely well states that many an(prenominal) of the problems faced by the modern world cannot be solved by laws and legal system for the footing that the moral behaviour responsible for these problems cannot be legalised. To start with the truly usage of words like dour , please , thanks cannot be forced by the law eventhough these words have a very high impact on the people in their day to day to activities. It is just the moral province or a reflection of the moral behaviour of a person in doing so. Law can further confine or restrict a individuals physical presence hardly not his thoughts and perceptions.The very fact that people have a lot of rights in a democratic country restricts the law and puts it into a backseat in controlling the moral behaviour of the people. It is for the people to act justl y. A number of ban experiments conducted by the Government to control the consumption of alcohol failed miserably. People never gave up and found sassy ways of acquiring alcohol inspite of many restrictions from the govt.It is the people who have to understand the ill- sums of alcohol on the society and act accordingly. We have also witnessed a number of cases where people suffering with AIDS are ostracized by the community. Legal system can only help support these people physically/financially but not morally. It is the people who have to understand and act accordingly.One important problem faced by most of the countries is that of Pollution. There are many laws enacted by the Govt. to control pollution. No doubt that these laws are facilitative in controlling pollution till a extent but the real control and effect of these laws is put to question. There are factories who would prefer to do away with the rules and regulation by paying up fine/penalty for not adhering to the norms instead of regulating their methods of production because they find it more convenient financially doing so.Air pollution can also be controlled by growing sense of awareness indoors the people using automobiles say the usage of multi-modal transport whenver possible instead of their personal cars and/or maintaining a sound condition of the engine of the vehicle. Instead law cannot make it mandatory for people to travel only by multi-modal transport system.

Purpose of Assessment Essay Example for Free

Purpose of sagaciousness EssayThe radical answer of mind is for the learner to provide evidence of eruditeness by demonstrating the understanding of content and effect of study outcomes. This gives an insight of their strengths and beas of development. Whereas for teacher, it provides a moment to review their assessment strategies in terms of effectiveness and assist progression by giving constructive feedback. It also informs the curriculum board, managers, and relevant staff to evaluate encyclopaedism programmes for any improvements.Learners be assessed through various stages of learning journey by using variety of methods and strategies. They are usually assessed formatively before or during the course and summatively near or the end of it. Formative assessment provides a continuous source of information about students progress, improvement and problems encountered in the learning process. It could be an Initial Assessment to determine prior knowledge or Diagnostic Assessment to find areas of development and strengths. Feedback is an integral distinguish of it.(NCFOT, 1999) said it occurs when teachers feed information back to the students in ways that enable the student to learn better, or when students can engage in a similar, egotism-reflective process(Principle 4). It has also been supported by several educationists such(prenominal) as Scales (2008 p. 179), Black and William (1998 17) and Reece and Walker (2007 p. 325). Formative assessments are not graded which allows flexibility to modify and queue up the teaching practices and reflect the needs and progress of learners as well as motivating them. However, formative assessment in its purist form is seldom used (Brookhart, 1999).I feel that teachers should be given training to as how and when to employ it successfully. There are variety of methods by which students are assessed formatively such as Accreditation of prior learning (APL), Observation, Oral Questioning, Discussion, Role p lay, Case study, Essays, Projects, Assignments, MCQs etc. which when used in combination has proven effective in measuring a variety of complex learning outcomes (Reece and Walker, 2007, p. 326) It is useful for development of Cognitive, Psychomotor and affectional Domains of learning as explained in Blooms Taxonomy and could assess higher order skills of these domains.Some teachers are predominantly concerned with cognitive learning with some use of psychomotor skills but affective learning can be a useful tool in changing attitudes i. e. gender, culture etc. notwithstanding if its not a requirement of a course. Summative Assessment happens at the end of the course, unit etc. and is for grading and decision purpose. It is used for informing employers, institutions etc. about learners boilersuit performance. It does not however, give information about detailed abilities of learner and there is no feedback so it is debated for its stark(a) reliability and validity.(Scales, 2008 a nd Rust, 2002). Learners are assessed summatively mostly by Examination, Assignments, Portfolios, and Essays. They develop the skill levels of cognitive and psychomotor domains depending on how efficaciously they are set out and the type of course. MCQs and Viva for instance can provide better reporting of syllabus as well as assessment of deeper knowledge whereas essays does not serve the same purpose but assess higher levels of cognitive domain i. e. synthesis and evaluation. Feedback is an important element of assessment and is immediately related to motivation.In order to accelerate learning process it has to be timely, positive and constructive. Maslows hierarchy makes us think about the total experience.. From physiological factors. to relationships (do we give positive regard and development feedback? ) to egoism needs (Im no good ), his hierarchy provides a useful device to uphold us understand learning and motivation(Scales, 2008 p. 72). We need to keep records to tr ack and monitor the progress of our learners. They are more different types of internal, external and formal and informal records.Internal records include mark books, matrix, learner progress sheets/ reviews and results of gibe tests. In ESOL, we keep records of Initial interview, Initial assessment, spiky profile, ILPs, Diagnostic assessment, Formative assessment, observation reports, feedback reports, peer/self assessments and Summative assessments to assess the progress of learners and efficacy of programme and teaching. The external records include all the evidence in form of written work or internal verification to sent to external bodies i. e. exam board, auditing bodies, different educational organisations, support staff, etc.

Champagne or sparkling wine Essay Example for Free

bubbly or sparkling wine EssayChampagne is a sparkling wine produced by a traditional method (Known as Method Champenoise) in the Champagne region around Reims and i pernay in north-eastern France. The word is derived from the Latin campagna, meaning countryside, a name given to this area of France since the Middle Ages. Although other French wine-producing regions claim to have made sparkling wine earlier, this was the first place to produce it in some(prenominal) significant quality or quantity.The primary aim of this seminar is to act as a suitable gist to educate the audience on the open of Champagne, while also identifying cost effective alternatives forthcoming to the consumer in the United Kingdom. The seminar intends to provide a comprehensible definition of Champagne as a product by examining a number of sources and consolidating the information into one succinct description. The seminar should then analyse the Champagne market both(prenominal) from a national and international perspective with reference to consumer trends, market leaders and consumer demographics.Following this, the seminar shall construct a benchmarking criterion using reputable Champagne available to the UK consumer. Reviews of the product shall be consulted in an effort to bring knocked out(p) a greater insight into its properties and characteristics, and it shall also be sampled to assist effective description. From this criterion, three widely available sparkling wines will be assessed and awarded points accordingly.A model Champagne alternative shall be identified and the ending justified followed by a conclusion and opportunity for audience questions. PLANNING In order to compose and deliver an effective seminar the most important factor to consider is the planning aspect. If suitable planning is carried out early and time to be spent on the piece is structured accordingly, it reduces last minute pressures and ensures that the surfeit is the best that it can be. It also ensures that the copious amounts of research commonly associated with seminars and presentations can be spread crosswise a manageable period to limit the possibility of information overload. Before preparing an action plan it is required to first decide upon the content of the seminar. What follows is a breakdown of what will be included in the presentation, subject by subject with a synopsis of what is anticipated each topic will comprise.

Cost Club Week Essay Example for Free

live fraternity Week EssayThe issues against discharging an employee with any reason stinkpot be very harmful to any business. This opens the entry for a integritysuit to any organization be shit, an ex-employee could consign a lawsuit against the employer for aloneeging that they had been discharged wrongfully. The civil right law act in 1964 provides protection to the employees against wrongfully discharge. This describe that companies can non terminate their employees terms of race, gender, skin, religion, color etc, (Employment law for business, 2007).) For example, if their at- give relationship exists between the employee and employer this does not mean that employer may terminate the employee, in a discriminatory manner. This mean the organization has to fol modest the legal principles before discharging their employee. on that point be so many laws that protect the individuals even though we argon an, at- will state. The Federal anti-discrimination law prevents employees from wrongful discharge by the employer ( uprightnessson, 1998). This scenario does not say that the employees were not let go due to the basis of any reason. This lawsuit against the organization for wrongful discharge could be very risky for the Cost Club since there were no reasons for terminating their employees.Reduction in Employee CostsThere are many ways to issue company cost. One thing a company can do is to outsource their HR. This will serve up reduce the cost of the employee benefitsprogram by bring in an outside company like GNA Partners. The GNA Partners extradite many ways to save the company silver but, may bring cost to the reckoners. The GNA Partners provide negotiation insurance rates, which the plan cost are determined by what age group the employees fall into. next the company can choose higher deductible plans, which this reduces, the cost of benefits plan. The business can offer juicy benefits package by making their employees contribute. U sing different types of workers like temporary workers, abridge employee, part-time employees, employees and, non-employees work hours. These job types can be helpful to accomplish the seasonal demand of the organizations plus can cause the increase within the organizational actualizeance.The organization knows all different categories of workers who can hire to save money for definite and indefinite period. Organization understands that temporary workers directly reports to the employer and receive their reimbursement from the company. When a company hires a contract employee, temporary and, part-time employee they know that they do not have to pay this employee benefits or high rates. like vacation, sick, and part-time workers are usually define a workers, who have shorter working hours other fulltime workers. The rules, policies and, procedures for the part-time employee are not the same as the regular employees but quite different from the temporary workers (Part Time and sh ort-lived Employees, 2009). According to Bennett-Alexander, Hartman, by hiring independent contractors, the cost of overtime is eliminated (the federal wage and hour laws do not apply to independent contractors) and the employer is able to avoid any work-related expenses, such as tools, training, or traveling.The employer is also guaranteed acceptable performance of the job for which the contractor was hired because it is the contractors contractual obligation to adequately perform the contract with the employer, while the employee is generally able to quit without incurring liability (Employment law for business, 2007). For example, the company win is an employees work who sets an employees schedule, along with deciding the method the employee uses to perform their work. An independent contractor is a soul who provides particular services to an organization. Whether it be a short or long-term assignment. This is very effective low cost and saving the companying money because tem porary, contract or part-time employment arrangements provides several benefits to any business. wound and DamagesAccording to tort Law, the Cost Club will be liable for the misconduct of employees with the customers. tort laws are laws that offer remedies to individuals harmed by the unreasonable actions of others. Tort claims usually involve state law and are based on the legal premise that individuals are liable for the consequences of their conduct if it results in injury to others (McCarthy Cambron-McCabe, 1992). Tort laws involve civil suits, which are actions brought to protect an individuals private rights. The second situation, the employee is liable for somatic harm to the customers property. Therefore, the company who hires the employee will be held liable for their employees negligent.The last situation, the business will not be liable for the acts of a real estate gene, because, the real estate agent is not controlled by the business. Therefore, the Cost Club should let their customers know they, are not responsible or that the real estate agent is an independent and organization contractors and that they have no control on his or her activities so, Cost Club will not be liable for the tort of him or her (Tort Liability Basics Strict, Vicarious, and Joint Liability, 1999). Resolving noise ProcessesResolving disagreement between company and its employees, the can Set up a subject buffet Have a meeting once a week with the manager, and employees to discuss the problem that may break between co-workers and managers. Includes third party as the mediator between employees and company. Grievance procedure, corporate due process, intermediation etc., Clear as the formal complaint by the employees that they are behaved wrongly by the management decisions (Open door policy) These steps can be very effective to resolve between most companies problem. Which, if not colonized could cause a big problem like violation of law, and just a perception of below the belt treatment by the employees and managers. This method has to be effective in order to achieve long-term conquest and to facilitate and to accommodate between the employees and the company.Employment Law Concepts for SelectionEmployment law concepts for selection would overwhelm several legal implications. According to Bennett-Alexander, Hartman, the Civil Rights diddle 1964 prohibits the employers from discrimination among the potential employees on the basis of race, gender, color, office etc. in its recruitment and selection process. The next step is once the employee is hired, the company should make trusted they follow steps are, training, appraising, compensating, and implementing employment decisions that determine such things as promotions, transfers, and layoffs The selection procedure should also be job related and concern with the business necessity. The company should always follow the State HR Laws, and all the employees should be treated fairly and eq ually (Employment Tests and Selection Procedures, 2008). The Age Discrimination in Employment Act should also be considered in the selection procedure by the management.ReferenceBeatty, J.F. Samuelson, S.S. (2009). Introduction to Business Law (3rd ed.). Cengage Learning. Bennett-Alexander, D. D. Hartman, P. L. (2007). Employment law for business (5th ed.). New York McGrawHill. Retrieved October 29, 2012 from University of Phoenix, rEsource. Part Time and Temporary Employees. (2009). Retrieved October 29, 2012 from http//employment.findlaw.com/employment/employment-employee-overview/employment-

A Study Of Semantics and Pragmatics Interface Essay

A Study Of Semantics and Pragmatics Interface EssayGrice suggests that there is an app bent division of labour surrounded by semantics and pragmaticals in toll of saying and implicating. For every lingualally acceptable time of a language, a semantic theory delivers truth-conditions that pee-pee been transplanted onto a Gricean view of the semantics-pragmatics divide. As a result, many people conceive that truth-conditions give the bounce be put in a way that they atomic number 18 necessarily free from pragmatic considerations. round argue by challenging the view for pragmatic intrusion into truth-conditional limit while others insist preserving a pragmatically clean conception of semantics. Different proposals appear in supporting these controversial arguments. In this paper, I will focus on studying the term among semantics and pragmatics, and examining their interface.LINGUISTIC BACKGROUNDSemantics and pragmatics atomic number 18 ii involving sophisticated methods of studying core with variant foc substance abuses where semantics focuses on the relation between signifiers, such as language, phrases, signs and symbols, and what they suffer for, their de nonata while pragmatics studies the ways in which context contributes to marrow. The key issue is whether their tendencys to be analyzed screwing be separated from each other or if each sub-discipline back tooth give one and only(a) individual object called meaning.Semantics was statelyly responsible for compositionally deduced metre meaning, in which there is a cabal of the meanings of lexical items and the structure involved. Un doubtfulnessably, the truth-conditional semantics is the scoop out genuine approach to objurgate meaning. It appears that such formal methods allow the translation of vague and ambiguous sentences of innate language into a precise metalanguage of predicate logic with the provision of sense-making logical forms.Pragmatics was recognized as a study of utterance intended meaning, and so it is the meaning in context, and was hence undertaking with a contrasting aspect of field to be studied. It was also regarded as a separate enterprise with different object of study.Yet, the so-called semantic under-determination view was created as the boundary between semantics and pragmatics began to be blurred. This view was a new idea for the theory of language meaning in response to generative semantics that was prevalent in sixties and 1970s where attempts of syntactic meaning were given to primarily pragmatic situations. The importance of the Oxford ordinary language philosophers should be noned to show the way to the study of pragmatic inference and its supplement to truth-conditional representation, now known as Gricean intended meaning with inherent truth-conditions.SEMANTICS / PRAGMATICS INTERFACESemantics / Pragmatics DistinctionBy convention, we spoke of the distinction between semantics and pragmatics as differentiation between the meaning of words (semantics) on the one hand and how the vocaliser made use of words (pragmatics) on the other. This characterization is however loose and ineffective. For instance, the study of indexical materializations such as I and yesterday shows that different occasion of use poop have different denotations in the word concerned. Notwithstanding, a definite traditional meaning is found from each indexical word type, that is, there is no play in a meaning from context to context. In fact, much precision is required.According to Richard Heck (2001), some terms such as the number determiners two and three, or proper names such as institutionalise Clinton and George Bush are deemed as having a stable standing meaning in such a way that they are referring to the same object or property. Other terms care I, here, or this and so on have unstable standing meanings in the sense that, in different contexts, they target be used to refer to different objects. For example, the traditional meaning of I in English does not have variation across contexts standard meaning is used in every context in obligation with the meaning of I which is (roughly) the same as the speaker in the context.In a context, however, George Bush uses I to refer to himself, when I is in apprehension with its standing meaning. In contrast, Gray Davis uses I in agreement with its standing meaning to refer to himself as well, that is, Gray Davis. According to Perry (2001), however, we prefer applying the concept of referential content which has a wider usage to just using referential expressions in contexts. In other words, standing meaning of a term is context-constant while referential content of a term is the object, property, or function that it has as its content in a context which is conceivably distinct from its standing meaning.Semantics / Pragmatics BoundaryRajman (2007) points out that the boundary between semantics and pragmatics is very critical in view of the constraint of linguistic processes. Traditionally, semantics is in charge of formulaic or lexical, i.e. unvoidable meanings, as entailment and meaning are supposed to have (for example, Paul killed hawkshaw Peter is dead). And, pragmatics has taken charge of meaning in context in relation to informal implicatures, which is presumably nonconventional. Metaphors and badinage are two of the typical examples of nonconventional meaning ( informal implicatures) (Rajman, 2007). The Gricean view has challenged the classical view that the semantics-pragmatics boundary is not connected to the difference between conventional meaning and meaning in context. Actually, Grice has defined form and meaning of words as conventional implicatures. In (1.1)-(1.3) below, words like tied(p), therefrom, but are responsible for specific meanings (Ivan is not expected to like Iris, there is a semantic entailment between creation an American and being outspoken, and there is a semantic contrast between having c hildren and being a lawyer)Even Ivan likes Iris. (1.1)Joe is an American he is, therefore, outspoken. (1.2)Stephanie has five children, but she is a lawyer. (1.3)The difference between truth-functional meaning (what is said) and non-truth-functional meaning (what is communicated) earmarks the boundary between semantics and pragmatics. Pragmatics is therefore defined meaning minus truth-conditions. The domain of pragmatics is therefore confined to two types of implicatures in Grices perspective, namely, conventional implicatures and conversational implicatures.Specific expressions may initiate the entailment of conventional implicatures which, as Rajman (2007) suggests, they have separable (the implicature is attached to a specific word), non-deletable (a conventional implicature cannot be negated) and non-truth-functional (the content of the implicature does not involve in the truth-conditions of the sentence) meanings. In (1.1), dismantle initiates at least two conventional implic atures, given in (1.4) and (1.5)Even Ivan likes Iris. (1.1)People other than Ivan like Iris. (1.4)Among these people, Ivan is the less(prenominal) expected to like Iris. (1.5)Obviously, these meanings do not provide the truth-conditions for what is mentioned, that is the marriage proposal (1.6)Ivan likes Iris. (1.6)Conversational implicatures resulting from a linguistic expression initiates in the use of one conversational maxim (generalized conversational implicature) or not (particularized conversational implicature). The conversational implicatures are non-conventional (resulting from conversational maxims), non-separable (the implicature is attached to a meaning), deletable (implicatures can be canceled) and as conventional implicatures, non-truth-functional. A conventional generalized conversational implicature have a temporal meaning of and (and then), as in (1.7)Michael pushed Daniel and Daniel fell. (1.7)PRAGMATIC attack AT THE SEMANTICS / PRAGMATICS INTERFACEGrice (1978) noted that there is a need to take into consideration of pragmatic processes of disambiguation and reference book assignment to indexical expressions before assessing the sentences truth conditions. In addition, Kempson (1975, 1979, 1986) and Atlas (1977, 1979, 1989) believe that negation in English should not be recognized as ambiguous between narrow- chain of mountains and wide-scope, yet, it was semantically underdetermined instead. That means, on the basis of the recovery of the speakers intentions, the wide known example (2.1) is not semantically ambiguous between (2.2) and (2.3) but the range of negation is applied pragmatically in each particular utterance instead.(2.1) The faggot of England is not barefaced.(2.2) x (QoE(x) y (QoE(y) y = x) brazen (x))(2.3) x (QoE(x) y (QoE(y) y = x) Bald (x))(2.2) is a presupposing reading the person who fulfils as the property of the queen of England contains and one person and whoever satisfies this requirement is not bald. The reading in (2.3) is non-presupposing the queen of England is not bald as no such person ever exists. It is because (2.2) entails (2.3) that the semantic underdetermination (sense-generality) view has both formal and cognitive support in which the boundary has become more and more unclear. According to this view, semantic analysis uncovers only part of the utterance meaning which pragmatic enrichment may complete this process. For instance, sentence (3.1) is naturally developed with the way out sense before being put under the test of the truth-conditional analysis as in (3.2).(3.1) timothy dropped the camera and it broke.(3.2) Timothy dropped the camera and as a result it broke.Major concern goes to delimitation of the scope of such an enhanced, truth-conditional representation, called what is said (Recanati, 1989) or explicature (Sperber Wilson, 1986 Carston, 1988) opposite to implicatures. Carston (1988) reasons that as long as the enhanced meaning has reached an optimal releva nce level under the Relevance Theory of Sperber and Wilson (1986), such enhancement process can be stopped accordingly.Another post-Gricean boundary dispute provides with a so-called middle level of meaning. For bach (1994, 2001) and horn (2006), both what is said and what is implicated count. People often speak blurredly and non-literally and it is more quickly to do so since inference is fast, while utterance is relatively inefficient. For instance, (4.1) may be spoken by a begin comforting his little son who cut his finger ( bachelor, 1994). But what the father meant was not the content of the sentence alone (the minimal proposition in (4.2)) but instead an extension in (4.3).(4.1) You are not sledding to die, George.(4.2) There is no future date at which you will die, George.(4.3) You are not going to die from this cut, George.Under the same condition, spoken sentences which are incomplete semantically, although they correspond to complete syntactic forms, like (5.1), are sa ve completed to show the utterance meaning, as from the example in (5.2).(5.1) Tom is not good enough.(5.2) Tom is not a good enough singer to be a confidential information in Hong Kong.They are implicitures as they are implicit in what is uttered, under such extension and completions, which are neither what is said nor implicatures as perceived. The middle level of meaning is formed, while the label what is said is designated for what is explicitly said.Default semantics (Jaszczolt, 2005) represents an opposite view, in which a representation of spoken meaning is created as a combination of various output linguistic and non-linguistic sources. The combined representation comprises word meaning and sentence structure, cognitive assumptions, social-cultural assumptions, and cognizant pragmatic inference, which is the mere level of meaning and its construction, does not give preference to any of the sources mentioned above. If that implicit proposition is the fundamental intended me aning, the logical form of the spoken sentence may uncommonly be replaced by an implicit form, for example, (4.4).(4.4) There is nothing to worry about, George.According to the principles of pragmatic compositionality (Recanati, 2004), the formation of meaning is continuing even if the explicit/implicit distinction may cause many theoretical disputes and much experimental explore to be conducted. The field was mainly divided into those who accepted the default semantics (e.g., Levinson, 2000 Horn, 2004 Recanati, 2004, 2007 Jaszczolt, 2005), and those in whom pragmatic additions are always inferential (Sperber Wilson, 1995 Carston, 2002, 2007). Up to that time period, post-Griceans more or less followed contextualism in a way that pragmatic processes might affect the truth conditions of the spoken meaning.COMMUNICATION AT THE SEMANTICS / PRAGMATICS INTERFACEIn pragmatics, a speaker can express a thought without really putting it into words. He can say one thing but may mean someth ing else. For communicating something to someone, the speaker has to make clear the utterance even if it does not convey what he intends to express. The tender has a task of understanding the speaker to the extent that he has to recognize the communicative intention of the speaker in producing the utterance and in particular, to identify the meaning of speaker. The hearer also needs to figure out what has happened in the given situation that the speaker spoke that sentence with that meaning.An utterance Mary has beautiful handwriting and her English is grammatical may be used as an evaluation of Marys philosophical efficacy to implicate that Mary is no good at philosophy (Grice, 1961). Moore (1942) gives a pragmatic contradiction of an utterance Snow is white, but I dont believe it, which may mean you are denying what you have just adduceed (snow is white). A capable hearer grasps the semantic limit of a sentence by understanding that the language acts as a function of its const ituents in relation to syntactic structure. Bach (2010) suggests that there should not be any intermediate level of meaning existed between the semantic contents of a sentence and the speakers communicative intention in uttering it. Rather, the speakers act of uttering that sentence may invoke special information to help hearer understand its contents.Bach (2010) further remarks that it is utterances rather than sentences that contain the primary linguistic items with truth-conditional contents. Utterances are the only available subject matter for truth-conditional semantics as what Recanati (2004) prefers as truth-conditional pragmatics. In communication, as Bach (2010) points out, the job for pragmatics is not to offer a representative for semantics but to explain how incomplete sentences in semantics can be used to convey complete meaning.TEACHING PRAGMATICSThere are three major questions requiring further exploration 1) what chances are given in language schoolroom for develop ing L2 pragmatic ability 2) can pragmatic ability be developed in a classroom setting without teaching pragmatically and 3) what effects do different instructional approaches have on the development of pragmatics. Classroom enquiry can be called upon to address the first and third questions, including the resources, processes, and limitations of classroom learning, with exploration be done through empiric studies in classroom settings. Those who are beginners to the field can draw relevance from the sea of literature on educational research in general and second language classroom research in specific. Hence, we can gain insight acquired for the research of classroom-based interlanguage pragmatics (e.g., Chaudron, 1988 Allwright Bailey, 1991). Literature search on question one and question three shows the deficiency as to the provision of direct teaching strategies in pragmatics that uncovers at least two limitations, for example, teacher-fronted teaching and potentials for pragma tic development over time (Kasper, 2006).As for the answers to the second question, it is related to whether pragmatic ability can be developed without classroom instruction where such relevance can be bony from the pragmatics and interlanguage pragmatics literature. It is free of charge for the adult learners to get a certain amount of L2 pragmatic familiarity because of the universal property of some pragmatic noesis (e.g., Blum-Kulka, 1991 Ochs, 1996), and other aspects of pragmatic knowledge may be learnt from L1 users. Theories and research studies in recent years provide plenty of universal features in discourse and pragmatics. by dint of taking turns and sequencing of contributions, conversational organization is a universal property of spoken interactive discourse, which may set off in cultural and contextual implementations, among others. Making use of cues in the utterance, context information and different kinds of knowledge origins, speakers and listeners are able t o transport indirect pragmatic intent and implicit meaning to each other (Gumperz, 1996).DISCUSSIONThe use of semantic underdetermination and the recognition of pragmatic inference about the speakers intentions have become more and more popular. The same applies to the conversion of some of the context-bound information into the semantic content. As a result, two disciplines which are originally separate in nature, namely, the formal study of sentence meaning and the informal study of linguistic process acts have become indistinguishable. The centre of attention has thus been focused on the utterance rather than the sentences. passim the past three decades, however, the direction of change has not been consistent. There are a number of suggestions that maintain semantics and pragmatics as two separate disciplines where one school of thought suggests keeping the objectives of semantics and pragmatics distinguishable.Regarding pragmatics learning, Kasper (2006) appeals for more clas sroom research on pragmatics teaching that could relate learning outcomes to classroom processes. It may include longitudinal observation of classroom discourse as well as explorations of students and teachers subjective theories about L2 pragmatics and how pragmatics competence could best be developed in pedagogical context (e.g., target-based teaching on complimenting, conversational closings and so on), thus enabling on-going exploration of substantive and methodological issues.CONCLUSIONThe study of semantics / pragmatics interface can tell the difference between what is said and what is communicated within the context in question, which can be supplemented by pragmatic intrusion at their interface to achieve the purpose of disambiguation and reference making to indexical expressions. Hence, the job of pragmatics is intended to convey near-complete meaning in communication. Learning of pragmatics definitely can help learners to understand the utterance intended meaning that goe s beyond what is given by the language form. More classroom research can be done on pragmatics teaching to address the questions of learning opportunities for the development of L2 pragmatic ability in language classroom, and effects of different instructional approaches that can help develop such pragmatic ability.