A comparison of the magazine articles by John Pilger Essay

A comparison of the magazine articles by John Pilger and Tony Parsons, analysing the way they appeal to different audiences and the effect of the language on behaviour and opinion. John Pilgeri s article ‘The Man With No Namei appeared in the ‘New Statesmeni in June 1991. The magazine is left wing, and aimed at the middle and upper classes of society. I believe that Pilgeri s article is suited for reader of a higher intellect, and is perfect for the ‘New Statesmeni. The magazine promotes its ideas in such a way that one tends to think that it is reliable source of information. Tony Parsonsi article ‘Beggars Of Britaini appeared in ‘Arenai in October 1991. The magazine is aimed at young people probably in their teens or twenties. I believe that Parsonsi article is suitable for my own age group, which is of the age fifteen to twenty years old. The magazine itself is glossy and full of text and pictures that blend in. It would have been helpful if the articles provided were in there original form. Graphics are generally very useful for promoting a idea, in addition to the written language. ‘Arenai may well provide graphics but since I have not seen a original copy and nor is there one in my local newsagents I am unable to discuss the articlei s fully. The ‘New Statesmeni does not have the style of graphics that is present in ‘Arenai. It is considered as a more formal magazine and depends much less on sensation compared with ‘Arenai. Text for some is difficult to analyse whereas if it is accompanies with illustrations, it sets the tone of the article. Language with gimmicks is fine for all but new statesmen generally promote more depth in thought without the â€Å"extras†. One could compare arena and the new statesman with a story that one might either see on television or hear on the radio. The television and pictures and illustrations set the scene the scene for the mind to analyse. The radio and the new statesmen just use text. The mind has to provide its own imagery and in some ways I believe this is better and fairer. The examiner has provided the two articles in exact same font and style. I am not convinced that this makes a fair comparison between the two magazines. We can judge language and readability but possibly not impact on the reader. The tone of both articles is rather personal because in ‘Beggars Of Britaini Tony Parsons uses much offensive personal writing, while John Pilger writes about his personal story. Both articles are emotional in more ways then one. Pilger is emotional in the way he talks about his friendship with the homeless man. Parsons on the other hand hurls abuse at the way beggars get their money and how they appeal to most peoples sympathetic side. â€Å"†¦ And gypsy beggars who try to stuff a ratty flower into your buttonhole with some sentimental line – ‘for the children coos some obese hag† Pilger talks about making a friendship with this homeless man. Parsons shows his personal view on the matter of beggars. Parsonsi article is colloquial because he seems to be talking directly to you with streetwise language. â€Å"†¦. hey-you-guys-letis-catch-crabs† Pilger is somewhat more formal in his approach. † I have seen him nodding as if he is in silent discussion with himself† Both articles are written in first person. Both articles are addressed directly to the reader. This creates an individual effect, as if the writer is writing directly to you. This makes you be more involved in the article, rather the normal news, report the facts and doni t report emotionally. Parsoni s article is written from the writeri s point of view you either agree, or disagree. While Pilger talks about his friendship with a homeless man. Parsonsiarticle was published in ‘Arenai , a magazine aimed at a younger audience and it shows the whole structure and language is different. Most young people have short attention spans but in Parsonsi his article brings up the subject of beggars straight away, with strong obscene language making people read the article. â€Å"†¦ been happier for us to sleep in a shoebox full of shit†This is effective for young people with short attention spans. As I said earlier in the essay ‘Arenai is aimed at the younger generation. Pilgeri s article was published in ‘New Statesmeni a magazine aimed at middle and upper classes. Pilger writes a touching story of a build up of a relationship with a homeless man, ‘The Man With No Namei. Pilger builds up his article with a story and telling the reader the facts. The reader learns about the plight of the homeless people while telling the story of a typical homeless man. â€Å"My friend is typical in that he bears the familiar scars of the homelessness† The article is aimed at the more mature reader, who would be touched by Pilgeri s generous nature, and the predicament of the homeless man. So this is perfectly in place in the ‘New Statesmeni mature readers to read a mature article. Both articles use Standard English. I regard â€Å"Beggars of Britain† use of English really standard. While â€Å"The Man With No Name† is high Standard English. With but a few complicating words for a teenage reader. â€Å"such as a furtiveness† â€Å"sporadic, shallow joviality† Some of these words are considerably complex for an immature reader. The target audience for both publications is perfectly suited in their respective magazines. Parsons writes for a younger audience and writes just how the younger audiences like it. While Pilger writes for a matured audience and the audience like the way it is written. Both article style and structure are catered for different audiences. Pilgeri s article oozes aged style for â€Å"New Statesmen† audience. His story was a touching emotional parable, a parable which makes the reader think differently about the subject of homelessness. Parsonsi article has a different type of style a more risqui style; the younger audience may start to show malevolence towards beggars the same type that Parsonsi shares. â€Å"These people disgusted me† Both journalists are highly literate, but I think Parsonsi article does not do him justice. I imagine that Parsonsi article was not written for it high literacy level, but written by Parsonsi passion. His hatred of beggars dictated this article. Pilgeri s article was delicately written and written excellently. The story was written with the right balance of everything fifty- percent story and fifty- percent facts. â€Å"He had his usual tweed jacket and was leaning against the hedge† This extract from Pilgeri s article is a story paragraph. â€Å"With maximum publicity, the government allocated three hundred million for ‘rough sleepersi † This extract from Pilgeri s article is a fact paragraph. Parsonsi article is mostly abuse towards beggars, although he does feel genuine sympathy towards the real beggars. â€Å"In Africa you see beggars with deformed legs crawling, literally crawling† â€Å"Begging defaces the city, degrades the spirit† Parsonsi article is mostly just his private opinion on beggars rather then a serious article. Both articles were written in ninety ninety-one. Both and articles were respectively published in ‘Arenai and ‘New Statesmani. The conservative government was in power at the time, and Margaret Thatcher was Prime Minister. Both writers were against the conservative government, and blamed the government for homelessness and begging. â€Å"Thatcher government stopped council spending on housing more then ten years ago. † â€Å"Liberals blame the fall of the begging taboo on the let-the-bloody-orphans-take-care-of-themselves ethics of Thatcherism† These articles are still relevant to the year two thousand because both problems are still around. Begging has made a lot of headlines quite recently because there has been quite a few people who have been falsely begging, when they can easily live a prosperous life and have been accused of preying on the British peoplei s generosity.

Actions and context of social Essay

Hale arrives in Salem and begins to interrogate Abigail. He is very direct and soon Abigail realises that she cannot avoid his questions any more. She knows she must escape his attention but she cannot run otherwise she will look suspicious. Instead, she cleverly implicates Tituba. Abigail constructs her involvement to become the leader of the proceedings, trying to force the other girls and her into following her lead. After confession, Tituba is told to tell the names of people seen with the devil. Mrs Putnam asks whether her past midwives had been in contact with the devil. Abigail soon says the names of Sarah Good and Goody Osburne as she quickly reveals that they are in contact with the devil. By satisfying her interrogator’s suspicions, despite their untruthfulness she can divert attention away from herself. Her intelligence and unique influence is demonstrated as she does so and sends the professional men of the court into a frenzied excitement, as they believe they have found someone in touch with the devil. By being the first and shouting out names, she has power and trust with the court. She then begins to call out more names, adding to Tituba’s list. This excites Betty whom immediately rises and joins in the chanting of names. She is described to be calling out ‘hysterically’ and ‘with great relief’. Then their ecstatic cries turn into a gleeful tone, adding an evil edge. Abigail has forged her way out of trouble and Betty has picked up on the plan, assured that she is safe from punishment and joins Abigail. They are now beyond accusation or danger and happy to call names out. Betty is following Abigail, but Abigail has no need to continue as she has already said Elizabeth’s name. The other names of people, she has no involvement with and most importantly, people who bear no importance in Salem and are vulnerable to prosecution. It is a fiendish scene, as if the girls are possessed by evil. They are not however and that leaves only one reason, that Abigail is wreaking her specific revenge for her parents deaths. It is one of her more evil actions in the play, as it cannot be accounted for. This shows that she does not hate and have power over people she wants revenge for, but everyone of human society. In my opinion, she is a disturbed character. She is initially perceived as being wild bright and proud. Her character then develops a ghastly quality that becomes a large influence over everybody in the village of Salem. She abuses this ability to turn things to her advantage and others fate. She develops an evil insensitive, which would seem to be her character, however occasionally she shows different emotions in moments of intense passion and fear. Abigail is the hidden secret of the play. She covers behind her sweet little girl innocence and manipulates it between the characters, which brings up many truths from the past. Her quest however, soon becomes an addiction as she has people killed and blames anyone to get back John Proctor.

What Ails Indian Sports?

One of the greatest† degradations that has occurred in our country during the second half of the twentieth century, has been in the field of sports and games. The† only major performance of note has been the gold medal in hockey won at the Moscow Olympics in 1980 and the triumph at the 1983 & 2011 world cup in cricket,plus a few individual medals in Olympics and few success in Tennis. But these occasional triumphs do not augur well for the future of Indian sports. A nation of 1. 2 billion has not been able to produce a sportsperson or athlete of international standards even after 6 decades of independence. In today’s new climate of peace, a nation’s achievements in sports are valued far above its arsenal or military might. We have, however, lagged behind in every field in spite of a large potential manpower. What does really ail Indian sports? With a few honourable exceptions like cricket, chess and tennis (where, even at the best of times, our performance has been erratic to say the least), our sportspersons and athletes like the ‘Flying Sikh’ Milkha Singh and the ‘Sprint Queen’ P. T. Usha have failed to find a mention in the international medal tally, in spite of their best efforts and glowing eulogies at home. The chances of our doing well or making a mark in the international arena remain grim till date. At home also, the standard in regional, state-level and national-level games is fast deteriorating. The malady, indeed, is deep rooted. The first and the foremost cause is the poor state of our economy. We cannot spot, nourish and nurture talent even in the initial stages. Whoever hits the spotlight is, by and large, a fluke. He or she has done it on one’s own merit. For instance, our cricket hero Kapil Dev has come up’ against all odds to make a mark in international cricket. Privatisation or sponsorship of the various games and sports is the only answer especially when we cannot spare enough funds for sporting activities in the country. Today, when about less than 25% of our population lives below the poverty line, the nation cannot spare funds from other developmental activities to sponsor sports. In such a scenario, privatisation of sports and games is the only remedy. It is done in the United States and the rest of the developed world. We can also do this if we wish sports and games to flourish in this country. The second cause of the fast-deteriorating standards in Indian sports is the politicisation of sports. Regionalism, linguism and favoritism are all visible, when any selection for a national or international event is made. This coupled with the lack of basic infrastructure, has hindered any progress in this direction. While we have gone in for huge stadia like the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium in New Delhi, we have sadly neglected building small stadia and arenas in the rural and semi-urban centers, to encourage sporting talent in the initial stages. And such talent, whenever it comes to the fore, is grossly neglected at the time of selection for any event because they do not fit into any caste, region, language or group considerations of the selectors. This is a major shortcoming at the moment. Then, there is a lack of professionalism in our sportspersons; they lack the competitive spirit and are prone to rest on their laurels. Very few of our sportspersons keep up the strict regimen in respect of diet and training once they have achieved some name and fame. A medal here or a medal there is all they can achieve in lifetime before fading away into oblivion. The acme of their achievement is the Arjuna Award. How many chess grandmasters like Viswanathan Anand or cueists of international repute like Geet Sethi has the country produced? Our sportspersons, who have kept up the initial promise, can be counted on fingertips. Parental emphasis on studies, at the expense of sports and game, is another cause for the desperate straits in which Indian sports and games find themselves today. A sportsperson is considered no good unless he or she is academically above par, if not brilliant. A good sportsperson, who does not fare well in studies, is always looked down upon as an idler or no-gooder. Added to it is the lack of sports consciousness in the Indian mind. Our duty is to create an awareness of sports and games in the minds of the people if things are to improve in times to come. Otherwise we are likely to sink deeper into the morass with the passage of time. It is true our achievements in the sports have been negligible, but it is also true that there is no lack of talent in our country. If healthy atmosphere is created and selections properly made we can do a lot in this field. Simply to honour the outstanding sports persons at functions or staging international sports will not serve our purpose. We should extend every possible facility to our sportspersons and encourage them to take up sports and games more seriously.

Three-Page Literary Analysis Paper on Night by Elie Wiesel Essay

Three-Page Literary Analysis Paper on Night by Elie Wiesel - Essay Example m the fear of disbelief, through the fear of the death, to the ultimate point of self-control and the fear of losing one’s self – the self which becomes and remains a guiding principle in his way to survival. Elie Wiesel’s Night is the story of an Orthodox Jew, living in Transylvania and studying religion. The story of Eliezer’s life begins with fear – a fear of disbelief about everything Moshe tells his students when he returns from his exile. â€Å"Moche had changed. There was no longer any joy in his eyes. He no longer sang. He no longer talked to me of God and the Cabbala† (Wiesel 17). However, even with all these signs of moral fatigue and shock on Moche’s face, Eliezer does not understand what it means to experience reak fear. No intuition or inner voice tells him that it is high time he did something to protect himself and his family from the tragic consequences of fascism. This fear of disbelief further transcends to the moment when Eliezer finds himself in the concentration camp at Birkenau: â€Å"Never shall I forget that night, the first night in camp, which has turned my life into one long night, seven times cursed and seven times sealedâ⠂¬  (Wiesel 34). Eliezer speaks of his feelings during the first night at the camp, when the brain still refuses to accept the reality of life. This is when the fear of disbelief suddenly transforms into the fear of the future, the fear of losing life, and the fear of time – time, which is indefinite, endless, but imminent. No one knows how much time will pass before Birkenau gives place to peace and safety (Bloom 102). The fear of death is everywhere. Bordered on madness, in the atmosphere of destruction and ambiguity, life almost manages to destroy itself (Wiesel & Cargas 75). Dozens of men and women are hanged every day. The fear of death and the wish of survival replace everything human in people. They turn into savages, fighting fiercely to survive, even when sacrificing someone else’s life is the only

What is the purpose of interviewing and why intentional interviewing Essay

What is the purpose of interviewing and why intentional interviewing skills are important in Human Services - Essay Example The intentional interviewing process is a practical tool for analyzing the individual’s emotional variations during the conversation by a number of questions to provoke the person to speak more vividly about all the perturbing aspects of daily life. The basic point noticed in such conversations is ether the disability to express or the excessiveness of expression exhibited by the client from which the interviewer can take effective note on his psychological requirements. The ultimate purpose of an intentional interview with the client is therefore, â€Å"to respect the client, use appropriate skills and strategies, and seek to alleviate stress† (Ivery, Ivery A and Zalaquett, 12). Intentional interviewing is regarded as the basis for framing psychoanalytical approach to client’s issues related to his work or sociability concerns. In order to access the institutional stature developed in the client, the interviewer should focus on inducing the client frame stories of his actual experiences with the conditions mentioned in the issues. There must be equal emphasis from the interviewer to listen patiently to the stories of the clients about their personal encounters with the differential conditions.

Leadership and Persuasion Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Leadership and Persuasion - Term Paper Example The apex of the military efforts is air force strikes. This brings terror to the group and its allies and consequently a suppression of the sect. Have we ever considered the effectiveness of this approach though? Alternatively, is it a strategy to ensure revenge on ISIS for their past terrorist acts? As much as action should be taken, the military action and all the bombing associated should be stopped. ISIS militants usually live around innocent civilians. Bombing causes killing with impunity, which we are fighting actually. This causes ill feelings by the Arab civilians which fuels radicalization of the youths by the sect. Nations therefore ought to seek alternative ways of conflict resolution. The Hezbollah and the Iran oppose ISIS operations. America is also an enemy of the ISIS. However, America has been involved in many military attacks in the Arab countries. This has caused the Arab countries to have ill feelings about America due to military deployment. This has caused constraints in diplomatic relationships making the fight against the ISIS difficult. Countries, especially America that have been intensively involved in the war against the ISIS, need to restructure their relationship with the Arabs. This will provide a safe haven in the Arab countries. This will strengthen war against the ISIS. Intervention without biasness to either party of the conflicting Arab countries will also be beneficial. Arab countries are widely arid with high rates of unemployment. This favors recruitment into the radical ISIS group. Moreover, the continued economic decline due to warfare increases chances of the youth radicalization. The governments involved and the intervening governments need to create more jobs for the youth to counter idleness that make them prone to radicalization. The youth need informing that the ISIS is not a channel that fights for their interests. Critical thinking involves the evaluation of facts from a

Corporate Communication of the British Petroleum Company Research Paper

Corporate Communication of the British Petroleum Company - Research Paper Example Analysis of the FARMA Limited company is a main topic of this research paper. The researcher describes that company has emerged as one of the largest pharmaceutical and has its operations in more than 40 countries and products available worldwide. It was started in early 2000 by a group of medical researchers from Princeton University. It is one of those companies that gained tremendous success in just a few years. The research paper focuses on different corporate communications strategies and their impact on the successful business of FARMA Limited. The company combines the best values of entrepreneurship, business ethics, and strict acquiescence with current Good Manufacturing Practices. Since its creation, FARMA Ltd. has primarily endorsed research based pharmaceutical products. It is one of those few pharmaceutical companies who have developed their brand loyalty through innovative advertising strategies along with its strong marketing base. The ground-breaking strategies have he lped its products to be positioned in their respective curative areas. FARMA Ltd. has achieved this prestigious status through creative marketing strategies, promoting team work, human resource development and high-tech production facilities. The research paper and collaboration with prominent researches presents FARMA’s commitment to successfully manufacture high quality health products as well as prosperously organize company's corporative culture and communication on different levels, from crisis and to strategic to increase future success.

The Feasibility of Different Techniques for Providing Fresh Water to Assignment

The Feasibility of Different Techniques for Providing Fresh Water to Arid Regions of the World - Assignment Example As the essay declares a Water Program for African Arid & Water Scarce zones has been launched by the Italian ministry for Environment & Territory that aims at developing potential water resources management to protect water regions’ fragile environment. Deteriorating qualities caused by hydrological challenges are threatening fresh water resources available within such areas. Frequently, accessible water within arid regions is limited to ground water. Following short duration as well as high intensity rainfall events, surface inflows are frequently restricted to flashfloods. According to the report findings water, like other resources, happens to be at the edge of diminishing, more specifically within world’s arid regions. Within the near future, individuals living in arid regions are going to run short of water supply if they use all the accessible surface water. Such water is harvested from nearby fresh water rivers and springs. Borehole drilling is quite common within arid areas due to grave shortage of water within the regions. Ground water harvesting is considered a viable option since it does not require maintenance costs. This is an approach that aims at converting sea water to fresh drinking water. This happens by way of eliminating salt found within sea water. This is one among the oldest and commonly used techniques for treating water. This is a very practicable approach especially in assuring freshwater supply within arid regions. Desalination has the capability to remove most contaminants within water.

Evidence Based Management with relation to Corrections Research Paper

Evidence Based Management with relation to Corrections - Research Paper Example It is the key through which the world renowned organizations keep the operations ongoing and consistent. Thus, it is easier to learn the science of management than the art of management, it is also notable that Evidence-based Management particularly deals with the science of management, which can be easily taught or learnt and can be later used for different applications, especially for the management of corrections (Rousseau 20). The formal definition of Evidence-based Management (EBM) explains that it is a science of methodical and evidence clued-up application of managerial tools and techniques. It has its roots in the incorporated scientific knowledge and the styles of decision making. In order to utilize the scientific techniques and to achieve the organizational goals and objectives EBM help the managers to come up with better decisions in favor of the organization. This implies that EBM is an evolution in the world of corporations and management sciences. It has rearranged the ways and styles of corporate managers and has enabled them to make calculated and risk free decision. The definition of EBM has following two core elements which distinguish it from other branches of managerial science (Latham 52). Utilize the management tools and techniques which have proven to be exceptionally reliable and valid with respect to the case in hand. Utilize the researched information in such a way that it makes clear sense to you and is based on the unambiguous ideas. The scientific approaches used in EBM are mainly concerned about the approaches related to critical thinking; which is defined as looking and seeking out for the inside story. Then comes the human judgment; which is though reliable and authentic yet at times it fails to do justified acts and it is here when EBM comes to play its role. Finally the last approach constituting EBM is decision making; there are different styles of decision making taught to the future managers and corporate professionals as a ccurate and calculated decision making is the key to successful business activity. Everything is initiated by a logical and evidence based analysis of the situation which is then followed by the evaluation of alternatives and finally choosing the best suitable option. All of these scientific approaches play vital role in acquiring quality information and position it in a way that it servers the right purpose. The EBM tools and techniques enable the business professionals to build quality managerial skills along with the improved intellect, judgment criteria and subsequently enhanced competencies. EBM does not simplifies the problem for the managers neither it makes it difficult to be generalized instead EBM provides the correct passage through which problems and issues pertaining to organizations or any other institution can be resolved easily, effectively and efficiently. In a nutshell EBM is the source through which all the human, technological and social abilities are put togethe r in order to get the best results and outcomes. However, especial EBM skills cannot be learnt and practiced through taking a course at university level rather it is something that is developed with huge timely investment over an individual’s career (Rousseau 69). There are basically four areas of specialized professionals who can actually help in

HOW DOES HISTORY SHAPE US AND HOW DO WE SHAPE HISTORY Research Paper

HOW DOES HISTORY SHAPE US AND HOW DO WE SHAPE HISTORY - Research Paper Example Words have always had a great influence on people in the past. However, the trend is changing as time passes by. Mario Vargas Llosa has made the observation that many people nowadays are lacking the motivation and passion to read. On many occasions, gentlemen approach his book store to buy books for their wives and kids. These men claim that they cannot afford enough time to read since they are engrossed in their day to day activities. What has changed? Where did the compassion go? Men have got many obligations and responsibilities in life. They claim that they would not spend time burying their faces deep in to books. Statistics show that literature is becoming a female thing. More women are interested in reading than men. Some explain that middle class women can be able to read more because they work for fewer hours than men. It’s a pity for the men who are unaware of the pleasure that they are missing. A society in which the works of literature are hidden is full of vices. One of the key factors influencing the peoples’ interest in literature and reading habits is science and technology (Llosa, Mario). Science and technology can fail to play an integrating role. There is infinite richness of knowledge which has led to specialization. Literature will always be the common denominator of all experiences. Literature has enabled individuals from all walks of life to transcend history. Literature has always protected people against prejudice, racism and political sectarianism. Literature has always acted as weapon in the fights against discrimination, fear as well as exploitation. Therefore, without literature, history is as good as dead (Llosa, Mario).. Still on the subject of literature, William Faulkner’s speech reveals more. He feels that the award was given to him as a result of his hard work in the field of literature. He dedicates the award to writers like him be it men

WK 3 DB1 AND 2 SIDS, Morbidity, Mortality, and Associated Costs Coursework

WK 3 DB1 AND 2 SIDS, Morbidity, Mortality, and Associated Costs - Coursework Example SIDS has been identified as the third world chief cause of infant death in the United States. There has been a significant drop in the number of children who die from SIDS because as of 2004 there was a decrease of 0.51% compared to the 1980s where the deaths were at 1.53% per 1000 live births. There has been a continuous drop in the number of infant deaths in Georgia where in 2001 there were 112 deaths from SIDS, which was a decline of 42%, compared to that of 162 deaths in 1990. In my opinion, mothers should be aware of their children sleeping environment and positions to reduce the rate of deaths caused by SIDS. Women’s health is a significant issue in any state because when the state prioritizes on the women’s health they are improving the economy, empowering the women and eradicating poverty and hunger as the women are able to fend for their families. Finances are required to cater for the women’s health there are various financial management techniques that are vital. First, there is the goal setting where the objectives of the department of health in addressing women’s health should be stated explicitly (Gapenski & Pink, 2011). This is because they give a basis as to how much is required to address the issue. Secondly, there should be budgeting skills to establish where the money is going after the goals have been set. Lastly, there is saving money that will be used in the future in case of a situation that is uncalled for and the money be of help. Although this is not an easy technique, it is important because the money comes in handy in the future. An example, the cost- effective plan that can be used to track women’s mortality and Morbidity trends in my state would be registering all women through the Department of Health. This can be done by giving the women of all ages a free clinic and ensuring that all attend (Fogel & Fugate, 2008). However, achieving this can be a challenge and the best way to do it is finding a service that is

Reasons for Travel Essay Example for Free

Reasons for Travel Essay More and more people all over the world prefer to spend their holidays travelling. Rich or poor, old or young, they strive to leave the place where they live or work, and move to another spot of our planet — at least for two to four weeks a year. They travel to cities and towns, mountains and lakes, across oceans and seas. There are several reasons why the popularity of travel and tourism is growing. The first one is educational value of travelling. Man has always moved from one place to another in search of knowledge. Even now, in the age of technology and global communication, travelling to a different region or country can help discover new ideas, technologies and inventions. The best way of studying geography is travelling, the best way to help you master a foreign language is travelling, too. Moreover, a special kind of tourism has developed, called educational tourism when people travel to study a foreign language or to take up a course in one or several other subjects. The second reason why people travel is entertainment and rest. To see great buildings and natural wonders, listen to national music, get some knowledge about traditions and ways of different countries, taste new cuisine gives us new emotions, helps drive away the stress. Thirdly, there are special reasons. A lot of new types of travelling have appeared like ecotourism, educational tourism, sports tourism. A lot of people travel on business. Now, with the growth of international trade people have a lot of chances to do business with foreign partners, and they do it willingly. Some people have additional reasons to like travelling. When travelling, they do sports, or take care of their health, or get new contacts.

The Persuading Effects Of Media

The Persuading Effects Of Media The mass media in the Philippines, being the universal source of information, contributes a great influence on our thinking and behavior. This term paper will focus about the impact of media coverage on elections and how it persuades the electorates behavior. My purpose is to explore the effects of mass media on political power in the Philippines and to show how the media simultaneously disrupt and defends the status quo including the advantages and disadvantages during election campaigns. The first part of this paper will provide and support the ideas of how a fair election is measured in a democratic country. It will also focus on the medias substantial role on the voting behavior that will contribute towards a greater understanding of mass media in our country. The second part deals about the past situation of the media which concerns the different election frauds, corruption, and violence. I will also add an overview about the medias monopoly and commercialism. But among these, t he most favorable part is the emergence of the new media through the use of the introduced technology. I will also discuss how the different forms of media campaigning using various campaign strategies through TV ads, polls, debates and others can persuade the voters. Furthermore, this term paper will also argue about the effect of money on election results, whether it is an advantage or a disadvantage to the political candidate. Lastly, I hope to show that communication and persuasion works between the media and the public, that we and others can also influence the media. How to measure a fair election In a democratic country like the Philippines, where universal and equal suffrage is a must, the media plays a significant and substantial role for the development of the society. The media is responsible for ensuring free, fair and equal elections. To make a democratic form of government possible, essential conditions are required. For a country to be democratic, they must secure universal and equal suffrage. The political system must entail recognition of protection of civil liberties and rights. The freedom of speech from candidates and political parties must not be restricted. Enforceable laws must be implemented to prevent election fraud and vote tampering. It must be ensured that an electorates choice of party or candidate cannot be used against him or her by secret ballot voting. (socyberty.com, 2009) But in general term, it can be said that the people must be the highest form of society. The role of media before, during and after elections The fact that the media plays a great role in lives is well known, but its role as a political tool is also well rooted in the political systems. During times of elections, which are seen by many as the hallmarks of democratic political system, the media are expected to undertake very specific roles. It is a clichà ©, but media as the voice of the public, in the course especially of elections, must be able to inform, educate, enlighten and involve the electorate. Brandt, Hughes, and Rasmussen (2006), have discussed the major tools needed by the media in a fair report and coverage of the elections. They have to provide a platform and forum for controversial societal debates. The news media play the vital role in a democracy of providing the public information on which they can base their decisions on public issues. They have the duty to criticize undemocratic behavior of politicians, to educate the general public in respect of democracy, and to secure a fair and balanced coverage of elections. The watchdog function of the media is especially crucial during times of electoral campaigns and elections themselves. More importantly, the medias role is to scrutinize the candidates and parties and expose on the same issues and to give voters enough information to compare their positions. The media must report what the parties and candidates are saying, even if it does not reflect issues the people want to address (pp. 14-19). If the media coverage in the press and television is not free, fair and equal, the results may be prejudiced. Political discussions cannot be avoided in the print media, political stories are aired on television every day, commercial radio airs political news every hour, and paid political announcements are encountered in all media during campaigns. Candidates use of the media can have a strong impact upon those who make up their minds about candidates during the campaign. It is within human nature to believe what is told to us. We tend to believ e the media because research is done by them and they are a main source of information. The media remains important since they are the means by which people obtain current affairs both inside and outside of the Philippines however bias it may be. Overall, the media are always present with new stories on political activities. The new media The entrance of the modern era meant the advent of modern technology accessible to the public. For the first time in history, the Philippines embraced technology and transformed greatly the electoral system of the country during the May 2010 elections. The Philippine elections have frequently been marked by allegations of widespread cheating and other electoral malpractice. It was a subject to criticism since the security of the electoral process and its capacity to preserve the sanctity of the ballot and the will of the electorate was put to question. It has always been a manual process from voting to the canvassing of results with the local and national positions. Consequently, we have had hurdled so much because of the slow and tedious process. But due to the advanced technology available in the modern era, the Filipinos most awaited election was taken to another level. Generally, the automated election fulfilled the promise of speed but complaints and controversies remained (Meis burger, 2010). Many Filipinos until now were not sure whether the new process worked well enough to hold credible elections. Even automated election provided high security, there were still computer experts that bombarded the whole system or hacked the computers and manipulated the results. And I think that it is actually possible that cheaters came from the people who developed the system. Unfortunately and ironically, the press, despite of the intense focus on the new voting machines, failed to highlight critical problems during Election Day. But in my own opinion, the main problem we encountered during the May 2010 automated election was transparency. People were not able to see the actual process of counting the votes and several doubted if the results are really correct. Reporting on the first automated election also posed new challenges to the media. The press had to be alert to new kinds of problems as well as to keep the coverage on the day itself interesting. But it was obv ious from the first hours of coverage that the television networks were clearly prepared to resort to the magic of technology to keep audiences tuned in. The media is intensely influential in the present days systems of domination. Because the majority of the public does not in fact hear political speeches, witness activities, or observe actions of leaders, they depend on the media to exhibit the news in an accessible form. It becomes easy to comprehend how vital the media is, and what will be the effects of the news on the society whenever it is presented. Even a little change of news has the potentials to greatly influence public opinion (people.virginia.edu). Dirty Politics: Bias Media and Corrupt Candidates On the further side of the media, television has been with us for more than thirty years (Del Mundo, 1986, p. 10). By any standard, thirty years is long enough to develop a meaningful mass medium. Although in the past, the role of media is not as great as it is today. During an election, it was not surprising to see the media being harnessed to serve the politicians who held media power. Rocamora, for instance, concluded that Cheating is a well-developed art in Philippine elections. Local Politicians are adept at manipulating the process from beginning to end. (Rocamora, 1998, p. 23). So having no doubt, the media with its own weaknesses, would most likely practice bias electoral processes. Corruption in the media industry is a fact, and it is worst during elections. There is a general feeling about the political bias of the media that it is too negative. They place an importance on finding out what is wrong, but do not tell the complete picture about what is being done. There are in deed media networks that are owned by families who are biased in favor of certain candidates. We can see this prejudicial act most often when the media had begun to be very one-sided in terms of reporting the news. The media should be obligated to tell the truth and not manufacture or elaborate stories, even if it does not sound as good. It has and will continue to destroy the careers of some and make the careers of others. Even though most of the television news stations are owned by wealthy individuals, they should not be so biased. The media and the politicians only want us to see what a perfect world we live in, so they tend to hide the truth or work their way around it. But that is not always the case; sometimes desperate politicians are simply exaggerating when they condemn the alleged bias of the media. They tend to highlight the critical views reported by the media but they overlook the balanced presentation of facts in news reports. Another unjust intervention was experienc ed by the media during the Marcos era. Independence of the media has always been viewed with admiration everywhere in the world. But in 1972 to 1981, when martial law was declared during the regime of President Marcos, media monopoly started. Not just one agency was organized to do the job. Thus, the media suppression of the Marcos era restored the powerful and influential appetite of the public for news. But unfortunately, until now, the medias authority, security and freedom was not completely fulfilled (Del Mundo, 1986, pp. 77-89). Moreover, the recent Maguindanao massacre would be the worst example of election-related violence, wherein many members of the press and media was killed and abducted. Therefore, these malpractices and bad connotations simply imply the common term dirty politics which I think is not fair because politics must always be understood in a larger context. And talking about the status quo, generally it is the media that is bias and the politicians that are c orrupt. Defining a CAMPAIGN In the course especially of elections, we cannot exclude the fact of the emergence of inevitable frauds and intense violence. Every now and then, the media conclusively reports about the most compelling issues and irregularities related to elections, especially during the campaign period. A campaign is the period right before citizens make a real political choice. Campaign activity is more likely to register on voters minds as the Election Day draws near (Brady, Johnston Sides, 2004, p.2). According to Brandt, Hughes, and Rasmussen (2006): Most parties make their leader the centre of attention so voters who like the leader will vote for the partys candidates. So the partys election campaign is composed of speeches, party rallies and press conferences featuring the party leader. But the medias job is not just to repeat all the words spoken by the leaders. There should also be information in the news story about where the speech was given and how many people were there and what was the reaction of people in the streets, and what did political opponents say. Voters deserve to know so they can compare and decide for themselves. (Brandt, Hughes, and Rasmussen, 2006, p. 16). Ultimately, political ads and campaigns can affect who will win the election. As is true of other types of human relationships, first impressions can be very important as voters form their opinions about political candidates. Research on election decisions suggests that candidates use of the media can have a strong impact upon those who make up their minds about candidates during the campaign. They can affect what the voters know, whether they will vote, whom they will vote for and why they will vote for that person. In general, people already have their own ideas when they view television, read newspapers, or log on to websites. To a man, the campaign staffs of politicians agree that the three requisites for a successful campaign are: media, machinery and money. (Coronel, Chua, De Castro, 2004, p. 123) The media as a form of campaign strategy Television campaigns come from various forms. It can be a form of commercial, debates, speech, press conference, polls or interviews which are aired on local television news broadcasts, talk shows and even game shows. The television commercial, the most powerful form of advertising is the most interesting and most complex kind of political advertisement. It is the main way that modern campaigns communicate with voters. It can give you as the electorate an idea of how trustworthy candidates are, how they communicate or connect with the people, how they behave under stress, how they sell their program and what do they stand for. According to a study made by Coronel, Chua and De Castro (2004), The Arroyo and Lacson campaigns were most successful than the others in getting their spins across. This was because they had more sophisticated media strategies and handlers. They had a clearer idea of the message they wanted to project and made sure that this message was successfully conveyed th rough the media. (p. 21). Through TV ads, the audiences who are watching their favorite television programs will have a chance to meet the candidates and there is a possibility that they can recall them since they are shown in every commercial break. The advertiser will create another image of the candidate to make them appreciated and accepted by the target audience. The use of informal words, the inclusion of popular song and dance, the color, social issues, and the representation of peoples age, gender, profession and religion are very useful for the ads recall (Encabo, 2010, pp.11-12). In a survey conducted by Fonbuena. Rufo and Tabunda (2008), during the campaign period itself, respondents were asked to name political advertisements on television that they could recall. An ad was considered correctly recalled by a respondent if the respondent was able to identify the candidates in the advertisements that they recalled. Political ads are effective in converting voter awareness i nto actual votes for the candidates to the extent only that these ads incredibly project an image of the candidate as one who will effectively address the issues and concerns of the electorate. Studies show that commercials and debates aired right before Election Day have the most effect on undecided viewers (pp. 27-28). Voters who have already formed their opinions are hardly influenced by the media to the point of changing their minds. But as defined by House, Ludwig and Stratmann (2009), advertising need not to be truthful in deceptive campaigns. Both types of candidates engage in campaign advertising claiming that they are of high quality. Hence, they define advertising as deceptive when a low-quality candidate advertises that he is high-quality (p. 6). Opinion polls, on the other hand, are mostly used by political parties to discover what issues a representative sample of voters think is important. As defined by Lange (1999), voting intention polls indicate the popularity of political parties/candidates, show ratings, and suggest the outcome of elections. Parties will sometimes change their campaign promises because opinion polls reveal what will be more popular (pp. 49-50). People always say in polls, they do not like negative campaigns but voting records seem to indicate that they are affected or influenced by them. Opinion polls also influence voters because voters like to know what their neighbors are thinking and may decide to vote the same way. As such, poll results could increasingly frame the coverage of the election campaign. Exposure to polls may serve to increase a general interest in voting in the public, but there is little to demonstrate a change in voter intention, which is what we call bandwagon effect. Opinion poll s are only a brief sample of peoples opinions at the time they were asked. Polls cannot predict how opinions and votes will change if voters learn new information. Polls should not become the lead story everyday because they may influence voters to follow popular opinion rather than think for themselves. Lange (1999) observed that debates have advantages and disadvantages, but on balance seem positive. On the negative side, it has been argued that mandatory debates would circumscribe the candidates freedom to run campaigns as they wish that it is not always possible to have all party leaders participating and that debates tend to spotlight the party leaders too intensely. On the positive side, debates allow the candidates to face the public directly, they have been shown to heighten citizens interest in elections and their levels of information, they are a means of enabling the public to make a direct comparison of the candidates, and as such are a useful supplement to the normal news coverage (pp. 28-29). Aside from the old traditions of advertising, the innovative transformation of the society was considered as a milestone in the electoral system. I am not just talking about the May 2010 automated elections, but it is about how social media is changing the face of democracy through the use of different social networking sites in campaigning for a political party or candidate. Generally, traditional media and new media worked together for a more comprehensive coverage of the 2010 Philippine Elections. Rafter (2009) for example, stated that, the internet has assumed an increasingly important role in political communications and has provided new ways of communicating political messages with the public. Traditional concerns about television and radio political advertising are equally applicable to the Internet but there is no debate about regulating political content on the web (p.29). TV news stations also marked a milestone in media history when they reported election updates in real t ime using the new media. They even used the Facebook and Twitter to post news updates and reports about the election. Most of the Social Media websites which have had a major worldwide impact on Internet usage and thus perceived international impact, like YouTube, Flickr, Blogger, WordPress, Google, Wikipedia, Myspace, Facebook and Twitter (eGovernment-Symposium, 2009, p. 7). As predicted by some experts and scholars, it is probably only a matter of time before everyone will be able to vote over the Internet. Still, for those who create and air ads, the bottom line is the bottom line. The intended effect of political advertising or paid media is to win political battles by creating and delivering biased messages. Informing and engaging the public outside of ones supporters, when and if it occurs, is a by-product or secondary effect of the effort to win political battles. Does money wins elections? But the most intriguing factor that affects the decision of the electorate is the presence of money. Rocamora (1998), observe that for a candidate to win Philippine elections, they have to spend three times: once to get nominated, second to garner votes, third to get his votes counted, added to, and those of his opponents subtracted (p. 27). According to political scientist Ciyde Wilcox, money matters most when the candidates are least known to the voters, when they do not receive a lot of news coverage, and when paid advertising, which, of course, is expensive, can bring recognition and enhance images (Wayne, 1992, p.52). As I have said, the ads play a big role in the entire campaign. The earlier the ad is aired, the earlier the candidates rating goes up and the earlier the candidate can shift to conversion. Indeed, this means paying a longer period for advertisement slots. The cost of political campaign is rising and rising fast. The use of other modern technology has also increase d expenditures. One 30-second ad can cost a candidate from P34,000 to P243,000, depending on the station and the time slot. These costs are already slashed by 30 percent, the legally mandated discount for candidates (Fonbuena, Rufo, Tabunda, 2008, p. 61). But because of factors such as popularity and acceptability, campaign budgets may still vary from candidate to candidate. If a candidate is already popular, a lesser amount can be allocated for election paraphernalia. The amount a candidate spends will largely depend on the style of his/her political strategies. Literally speaking, before a sensible person joins a political fray, he/she should check his/her wallet first. Elections are indeed expensive affairs. Radio and television appearance, newspaper advertising, travel for the candidate, mailings of campaign materials, maintaining a network of campaign offices, taking polls, and raising money itself all cost a great deal of money. The notion that the side with more money has a better chance of winning is very common. Lack of budget for the campaign can be solved through public and private funding. The ability to raise money is not only a matter of wealth but also of being able to attract funds from others. Way before the campaign period, funds can already be raised. It is obviously important for a financially challenged candidate to seek and accept whatever material support they can find. Sponsored activities like a ball, a concert, a movie premier, T-shirt sales, and bazaars can be organized. But most campaign donations would not come in until a candidates showing becomes strong during the campaign period. Their contributions serve as insurance money, an investment they hope to draw from in the future. Another source, though largely unreported for obvious reasons, would be gambling and smuggling operations that seek the protection of the politicians. According to Co, Lao, Sayo and Tigno (2005), potential candidates who do not have the financial resources and backing to undertake a campaign have a little chance of winning (p.98). But apparently, I beg to disagree that financial outlays can guarantee victory in elections. Although the money spent might still serve as a good index to electoral strength, the candidates and parties with the most money did not always win. Money however is only one factor. And even when relatively honest people do win, they have to spend so much money to campaign that they invariably become corrupt in order to recover their expenses or to return the favor of financial backers. Wayne (1992) stated that, theoretically, campaign spending should have a greater impact on the nomination process than on the general election, and on the beginning of the process than at the end (p. 51). Whether or not money determines campaign victors, it exerts an enormous influence on elections. Heard (1960), notes that the ef fect of money in politics is probably more certain in determining who the candidates will be than in determining the outcome of the elections. Although the main goal of those who sponsor political advertising is to win elections, advertising can also in ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡uence what citizens know about candidates and public policy and how engaged citizens are in their own governance. And, as discussed above, in in ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡uencing what voters know, ads can in ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡uence whom voter choose (Goldenstein, Ridout, 2004, p. 211). The impact of media on the electoral system The overwhelming power of the mass media is something that we accept as fact. We are dependent on media for information. Media have become our connection to the real world. Indeed, there have been a lot of contributions media has made in politics, particularly during elections. The availability of media coverage during elections from the nomination period to the canvassing of votes, keeps the public informed of all the crucial events that occur during the elections. In the present times, it has gained a greater importance than how it was in the past. Filipinos much more now than ever in the past, rely on the mass media in deciding whom to vote and which issues are important. There is a hunger for information and citizens are much more attentive to media reports during elections than in other times. It has thus gained more influence over the voting behavior of the electorate and greater power in altering the opinions of the people. During campaigns, bad publicity can mean almost certa in death to a promising political career to a politician. No matter what good things a person has done in the past, if the media decides to publish the bad, their chances are blown. Population as a whole also recognizes the large role the media plays in their lives. They are well aware that the press plays the most dominant role in determining which issues and events are considered significant (Brandt, Hughes, Rasmussen, 2006, pp. 15-17). Conclusion The medias role in politics is even more significant. They help shape the political culture, and have the power to make a candidate appealing or repulsive. The media can also lead the general public to misunderstand the actions of one particular political group, and as a result, other political parties have to face a difficult political situation. Encabo (2010) concluded that politicians and advertisement producers believe that advertising allows candidates to reach even the uninterested and unmotivated citizens like those who are not paying attention in news reports, debates, and other campaign event (p.20). The media is primarily needed to fix itself to reporting on politics, not shaping it. The media should not have the bias of the nation, but should offer information to allow ideas to form liberally and independently. The nature of the impact of the media coverage is perhaps most dramatically evident in peoples awareness of the candidates and the consequences for how they vote. I n the coverage of elections, media fulfills different roles. This includes informing, enlightening, and educating the electorate, providing a platform and forum for controversial social debates, forming public opinion, and serving as a watchdog on the side of the citizens. Among these roles, the duty of informing the electorate is the primary and the other roles are only ancillary and fall under this primary role. The media has also the ability of affecting the behavior and decision making of the electorate. Many factors are to consider in determining the voting behavior of the electorate; and though there is no certainty on the extent that media affects the decision making process of the electorate, media is one of the few things that can count heavily on affecting and changing the opinions and decisions of the electorate. Apart from persuading the electorate, the media can also persuade the political candidates. The media influence the decision and actions of politicians and offic ials, change their priorities and can reduce their ability to control events. Another thing to consider in the influence of media in elections is the campaign financing that is required of candidates in order to afford the media resources necessary for advancing the campaign. The costs on campaign financing have escalated primarily due to the fact that it is expensive to employ media resources. However, though it is expensive, but because it is believed to be the most effective medium of campaigning, it is the least likely expense in campaign financing to be cut. The high costs of campaign financing pose problems for less affluent candidates. It is a disadvantage for the poor candidate who does not have the necessary resources necessary to run a campaign which will be able to employ media as one of its medium of advertisement. Because of this, the integrity of the electoral system of a democratic nation such as the Philippines becomes flawed. People, based on democratic theory, shou ld have equal opportunity to run for office regardless of economic status. But because of the high costs imposed by media on running a campaign, this is hardly true. There is therefore a need for the strict implementation of campaign finance laws during elections so as not to put an advantage on the wealthy and a disadvantage on the less affluent candidates. The media plays a crucial role in the realization of this goal. Through these insights, it is therefore true that media persuasion does not only work between the media and the public, but logically speaking, we and others can also influence the media. Both positively and negatively, the mass media contributes a great factor in affecting the decisions of the electorate because it exercises a powerful role in the electoral processes by informing and educating the public. Bibliography (books and e-books): Brady, H.E., Johnston, R., Sides, J. (2006). The Study of Political Campaigns. United States: The University of Michigan Press. Brandt, T., Hughes, T. Rasmussen F. (2006). Coaching Manual for Media Support during Elections. Denmark: International Media Support. Co, E.E.A., Lao, M.E.J., Sayo, M.A., Tigno, J.V. (2005). Philippine Democracy Assessment. Manila: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung (FES). Coronel, S.S., Chua, Y.T., De Castro I. (2004). Cockfight, horserace, boxing match (why elections are covered as sport): lessons learned from the 2004 campaign coverage. Quezon City : Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism. Del Mundo C. (1986). Philippine Mass Media: A Book of Readings. Philippines: Communication Foundation for Asia. eGovernment-Symposium (2009). E-Society and E-Democracy. Berne, Switzerland: Amazee (www.amazee.com) and IDHEAP (www.idheap.ch). Encabo, E.A. (2010). The Filipino Language and Culture in Political Advertisement. San Diego State University: Language Acquisition Resource Center. Fonbuena, C., Rufo, A., Tabunda, A.M.L. (2008). Selling Candidates: Political Ads in the 2007 Senatorial Elections. Quezon City: Public trust Media Group Inc. Goldstein, K., Ridout, T.N. (2004). Measuring the Effects of Televised Political Advertising in the United States. Washington: arjournals.annualreviews.org. Houser, D., Ludwig, S., Stratmann, T. (2009). Does deceptive advertising reduce political participation? Theory and evidence. Washington: George Mason University, Interdisciplinary Center for Economic Science. Hufilena, C.F. (2006). How to Win an Election. Quezon City: Ateneo School of Government Center for Social Policy. Lange, B.P. Ward, D. (2004). The Media and Elections: A Handbook and Comparative Study. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Lange, Y. (1999). Media and Elections. Europe: Council of Europe Publishing. Meisburger, T. (2010). Will Automated Elections in the Philippines Increase Public Confidence?. Asia: The Asia Foundation. Rafter, K. (2009). Political Advertising: The Regulatory Position and the Public View. Ireland: Broadcasting Authority of Ireland, Media Research Scheme. Rocamora, J. (1998). Philippine Political Parties, Electoral System and Political Reform. Quezon City: Philippines International Review. Wayne, S.J. (1992). The Road to the White House: The Politics of Presidential Elections. New York: St. Martins Press Internet sources: http://socyberty.com/organizations/the-responsibility-of-the-media-in-conducting-free-and-fair-elections/#ixzz1Do4Q79RP. Retrieved February 25, 2011, 01:53 am. http://www.people.virginia.edu/~lkr8v/politics.htm. Retrieved February 25, 2011, 02:33 am.

Utilization And Case Management At A Hospital

Utilization And Case Management At A Hospital Sierra View District Hospitals (SVDH) utilization review (UR) process originates in the Case Management (CM) department. They are responsible for the case review and obtaining social services for those patients in need of services. This paper will describe how this process works and how SVDH compares to another facilitys UR structure. There will also be a discussion about the weaknesses of the SVDH program. Utilization Management at SVDH The CM department is responsible for the UR process at SVDH. This department, which has 13 employees, is staffed as follows: four Case Managers; two licensed clinical social workers; four social services worker; a Department Analyst; and a Wound Care Specialist. An Administrative Director oversees the department. The CM department follows a Utilization Review Plan (Appendix A) which establishes how the CM department will review cases and address potential discrepancies from established best practice guidelines like McKessons InterQual Criteria (McKesson, 2010). The four Case Managers are to conduct concurrent reviews on all Medicare admissions. They evaluate the patient chart and documentation to ensure the correct medical care status of Inpatient or Observation Services is assigned to the patient. If the patient is assigned the correct status then the Case Manager will flag the case for review in three to four days to ensure the status of the patient has not changed to such a degree that either a higher or lower service level is required. If that is the case, the manager will contact the primary care physician and seek an order changing the service level. If the physician does not agree, and the documentation in the case ceases to support the current level of care, the case manager will forw ard the case to the physician advisor for review. If the physician advisor agrees that a new level of care is called for then he/she will contact the physician to seek further clarification as to why the patient needs continued services at the current level. Depending on this conversation, there are four possible outcomes for the patient status. One, the patient status will remain at the current level of care because the initial physician has informed the physician advisor of extenuating circumstances regarding the case. Two, the physician will agree to the conversion of the patient status to either a higher or lower level of care. Three, the physician will not agree with the physician advisor, and the advisor will refer the case for the UR committee for a panel decision, which can overrule the original physician; or Four, the patient can be discharged from the hospital. While Case Managers are working the UR of a patient, the Social Workers are concerned about any after-care the patient may require. The Case Managers and Social Workers work together to come up with a discharge plan beginning on the first day of admission. The Social Workers make sure the patients have all the contact information they may need once discharged, and the Case Managers work to ensure placement of the patient in an extended recovery care facility if needed. SVDHs UR Program Compared to Other Hospitals SVDHs UR program is comparable to that of Jewish Hospital (St. Louis). Prior to 1985, the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) reimbursed hospitals for services rendered. Due to increasing costs to the Medicare Trust Fund, the Diagnostic Related Group (DRG) system was developed to reimburse hospitals based on what the average cost of a particular surgery. UR programs at both hospitals began to change to meet the new challenges instituted by CMS. Utilization Review became Case Management at SVDH, while Jewish Hospital named their program Case Coordination. The staff members at both facilities became more involved in complete patient care, from admission to post-discharge. SVDH experienced the same growing pains that Jewish Hospital did when Observation Services became a new cost savings service line instituted by CMS. The next challenge arose in 1990, when quality initiatives arose. These initiatives have only increased since that time, with the establishment of Quality Initiative Organizations (QIO). The QIOs review hospital data and report results back to CMS. The goal of these organizations is to locate services that do not meet their (CMS) standards. When found the QIO will deny payment for the services. While Jewish Hospital attempts to complete a 100% review for quality indicators on all cases, either concurrent or retrospective, SVDH chose to focus 100% on Core Measure cases only. While Jewish Hospital might be ensuring that all cases have a minimum standard of quality, SVDH complies with Joint Commission standards by only reviewing the Core Measure cases. Weakness of the Program There is a major weakness in the SVDH Case Management program, and it has been a weakness for some time. SVDH CM is not a 24/7/365 program. The Case Managers work Monday through Friday from eight to five. One Case Manager works from eight until noon on Saturday in the emergency room, but there is no coverage on Sunday. This means that the one Case Manager only reviews the cases that were admitted from Friday at 5:00 PM until 8:00 AM Saturday morning. If she has time she will also pick up any additional cases she can prior to leaving at noon, but there is no guarantee of that happening. The entire CM staff will review any cases not previously reviewed on Monday, if the patient is still in-house, or the case will undergo a retrospective review. This can cause continuing care problems for patients. An example of one of these problems recently occurred when a patient was not reviewed due to no CM personnel on staff on Friday evenings. The patient presented to the Emergency Room on Friday, and was subsequently placed in Observation Services at the hospital, This case was not reviewed by the weekend case manager. On Monday morning, the CM personnel started reviewing the Medicare admissions and saw this patient on the CM list. In reviewing the chart, the patient plainly met Inpatient criteria. The attending physician could not be contacted so the case was referred to the physician advisor, who agreed the patient should have been classified as Inpatient. The status was changed as of Monday morning. CMS guidelines state that a status can only be changed upon the presentation of an order, and at no point can an Observation Services case be converted to an Inpatient status retroactively. The patient needed additional therapeutic services that would be provided in a long term care facil ity, but CMS guidelines state that Medicare will only pay for those services if the patient has had a qualifying Inpatient stay in a hospital for a minimum of three calendar days (Centers for Medicare Medicaid Services, 2009). Since this patients status converted to Inpatient on Monday morning, the time spent in the hospital from Friday until conversion on Monday did not count towards the qualifying stay. The quandary then is to either discharge the patient to the care facility without a qualifying stay, thereby making the patient responsible for the entire cost of the care, or keeping the patient in the hospital for an additional two days in order to meet the qualifying stay requirements. The obvious answer is to keep the patient in order for them to obtain the necessary time to earn the qualifying stay. This, however, places a bed out of circulation that could have been used by another patient, and might incur costs that do not meet reimbursement criteria for the hospital. Had a CM staff member been on duty Friday night, the case could have been caught earlier, and the qualifying stay could have begun on Friday instead of Monday. The major obstacle to hiring more Case Managers is, frankly, the cost of salaries. Any additional overhead costs are scrutinized closely in these times of shrinking reimbursements. Prior to bringing on new staff, in any area, the return on the investment is reviewed for a profitability margin. If a profit margin cannot be realized then the likelihood of incurring that additional expense is small. Other projects that bring a greater profitability margin have taken priority over additional staff in the CM department. Conclusion The CM Department administers SVDHs UR program. The CM Department encompasses several different services, all dedicated to providing total care to the patient while in the hospital and post-discharge. SVDHs program mirrors common practices within the industry. Like Jewish Hospital (St. Louis), CM at SVDH has evolved and changed over the years to meet the new demands placed on it by regulatory agencies. The CM Department constantly works with physicians to ensure patients receive the appropriate level of care based on physician documentation and InterQual guidelines. The major weakness in the CM program at SVDH is that it is not a 24/7/365 department. This flaw sometimes places the continuum of care for the patient at odds with the regulatory guidelines, and SVDH has to forego reimbursement for services in exchange for better overall patient care and patient financial security.

The Band-Aid Approach- Not the Best Solution :: essays papers

The Band-Aid Approach- Not the Best Solution The band-aid approach has been the most common solution to working with students at risk. The name for this approach comes from the purpose of a band-aid; to cover up a problem but not fix it. A problem with this resolution is only having half-day sessions focusing on one topic for these students. This is not helping in the end because for the other half of the day, when they are in their regular classroom settings, this type of attention and teaching is not practiced (Finn, 1998). Thus, this is considered a band-aid approach because it only temporarily conceals the problem without fixing it. Furthermore, children have an understanding of what they are missing by being in a large sized class. When second graders were asked what would be different if they were in smaller classes, they answered that they would be able to talk more often, ask more questions, and get to be â€Å"Star of the Week† for a longer period of time (Handley, 2002). The mere fact that these young students are realizing that they could get more attention is not only astounding but also surreal. Project STAR: One of the 1st Large-Scale Studies on the Effects of Reduced Class Size Between the years of 1985 and 1989, seventy nine elementary schools in Tennessee participated in the only large-scale, controlled study of the effects of reduced class size, Project STAR (Finn, 1998). Children that entered kindergarten were randomly assigned to either a class of thirteen to seventeen pupils, twenty two to twenty six, or twenty two to twenty six with a teacher’s assistant. The students remained in these settings for the next four years. What this study produced were results that confirmed benefits of small classes in primary grades. Smaller classes outperformed the larger classes in all instances, including word study skills, reading, basic skills reading, math, basic skills math, motivation and self concept (Finn, 1998). Since the most noteworthy occasions deal with substantial reductions, minorities seem to thrive on smaller classes. Minorities, most of which are used to extremely large class sizes, are the best example to show what a substantial reduct ion can generate, and with these particular students improving, the achievement gap is therefore reduced (Finn, 1998). The Follow Up to the Project STAR Study: Lasting Benefits Study

The Downgrading Demise of Love :: English Literature

The Downgrading Demise of Love â€Å"North Richmond Street, being blind, was a quiet street.† (198). Ignorance is a harmful state of mind, which gives a false sense of happiness to those consumed by it. Ignorance does not allow one to mature by experience of actual events. It shelters one’s perception of actual events by giving illusions of hope. It allows the imagination to instill more meaning into an incident, where there is none. In â€Å"Araby,† James Joyce illustrates how the boy overcomes his oblivious state through irony, epiphany, and symbolism. An obvious example found in the story is the immense amount of irony used throughout â€Å"Araby.† The boy has the idea that love is always perfect and the love he holds for Mangan’s sister is perfect. In the real world, however, he has an aunt and uncle that show what love really is like. When his uncle arrives home late to take him to the bazarre, his aunt begins to argue and demand that he give the boy some money to go to the bazarre (989). The boy completely ignores this glimpse at real life. The boy realizes how life is not perfect and that love is full of compromises. He begins his trip to the bazarre and is excited on the train to arrive at this electrifying event. His idea of the bazarre is that it will be a wonderful place that will make Mangan’s sister fall in love with him. However, when he arrives, he witnesses a dark, dismal place with a grim surrounding (990). Through all the irony in his life, he realizes that he is that opposite of what he is trying to be. Perhaps one of the greatest credentials, which illustrate how the boy is oblivious to the world, is that he realizes his ignorance. All throughout the story, there are innuendoes that he is â€Å"missing something.† Some of these hints range from the symbolic blind houses to his own mental absence at the gathering before he finally gets to go to the fair. His proceeding into the dark, half-closed fair, rather than face the truth that he missed it initially, shows he simply â€Å"does not get it.† Then, however, his realization occurs. In a moment of epiphany, the boy is enlightened to how he has missed even the most obvious fact. On his determination to have his life, as he wants it, he does not realize until the epiphany that Mangan’s sister never likes him. The boy becomes conscious to the fact that he has missed his opportunity from the start. The boy sees for himself that he has

Euthanasia Essay - Assisted Suicide and the Supreme Court

Assisted Suicide and the Supreme Court      Ã‚   After the nation's highest court declared that U.S. citizens are not constitutionally guaranteed the right to a physician-assisted suicide, the movement has sort of lost its steam. Why do the Supreme Court Justices consider legalization dangerous? How did it win legislative approval in Oregon in the first place? What is the current trend in public opinion about this question? This essay will delve into these questions. After the U.S. Supreme Court dealt a crushing blow to the assisted suicide movement, time stopped for the activists. In a unanimous decision, the nine justices upheld the right of each and every state to protect its residents. Justice Rehnquist, writing for the Court, clearly articulated the dangers that legalized assisted suicide would pose, particularly to those who are most vulnerable: "The risk of harm is greatest for the many individuals in our society whose autonomy and well-being are already compromised by poverty, lack of access to good medical care, advanced age, or membership in a stigmatized social group."(1) With the Court's decision, the door was slammed in the faces of those who sought to prevent full public discussion of what permissive assisted suicide would mean to all of us. Contrary to what some have said, the decision did not open any doors. Instead it recognized that the debate belongs at the state level where the realities can be fully and honestly addressed. Now, with their resounding defeat from the Supreme Court, assisted suicide advocates are forced to take their case before the court of public opinion where they are losing support.    During the last year, national support for euthanasia has fallen 18 percentage points. In ... ...orting those who want to die," Boston Globe, Jan. 18, 1994.) 14.) "Model Aid-in-Dying Act," Iowa Law Review, vol. 75, no. 1 (1989). 15.) John Hofsess' announcement of the availability of the Art & Science of suicide project made to the right-to-die mailing list, August 20, 1996. Hofsess described Smith's chapters: "Ms. Smith's chapters provide specialized information on such subjects as tricyclic antidepressants; barbiturates; and carbon monoxide. Each chapter has been updated (August 1996) to include the latest research available. For example, the barbiturates article incorporates new information derived from the experience of Compassion in Dying in Washington State. The carbon monoxide article includes reports of successful suicides in Canada and the United States using various sources of CO." 16.) Tom Bates, "Write to Die," Oregonian, Dec. 18, 1994. Euthanasia Essay - Assisted Suicide and the Supreme Court Assisted Suicide and the Supreme Court      Ã‚   After the nation's highest court declared that U.S. citizens are not constitutionally guaranteed the right to a physician-assisted suicide, the movement has sort of lost its steam. Why do the Supreme Court Justices consider legalization dangerous? How did it win legislative approval in Oregon in the first place? What is the current trend in public opinion about this question? This essay will delve into these questions. After the U.S. Supreme Court dealt a crushing blow to the assisted suicide movement, time stopped for the activists. In a unanimous decision, the nine justices upheld the right of each and every state to protect its residents. Justice Rehnquist, writing for the Court, clearly articulated the dangers that legalized assisted suicide would pose, particularly to those who are most vulnerable: "The risk of harm is greatest for the many individuals in our society whose autonomy and well-being are already compromised by poverty, lack of access to good medical care, advanced age, or membership in a stigmatized social group."(1) With the Court's decision, the door was slammed in the faces of those who sought to prevent full public discussion of what permissive assisted suicide would mean to all of us. Contrary to what some have said, the decision did not open any doors. Instead it recognized that the debate belongs at the state level where the realities can be fully and honestly addressed. Now, with their resounding defeat from the Supreme Court, assisted suicide advocates are forced to take their case before the court of public opinion where they are losing support.    During the last year, national support for euthanasia has fallen 18 percentage points. In ... ...orting those who want to die," Boston Globe, Jan. 18, 1994.) 14.) "Model Aid-in-Dying Act," Iowa Law Review, vol. 75, no. 1 (1989). 15.) John Hofsess' announcement of the availability of the Art & Science of suicide project made to the right-to-die mailing list, August 20, 1996. Hofsess described Smith's chapters: "Ms. Smith's chapters provide specialized information on such subjects as tricyclic antidepressants; barbiturates; and carbon monoxide. Each chapter has been updated (August 1996) to include the latest research available. For example, the barbiturates article incorporates new information derived from the experience of Compassion in Dying in Washington State. The carbon monoxide article includes reports of successful suicides in Canada and the United States using various sources of CO." 16.) Tom Bates, "Write to Die," Oregonian, Dec. 18, 1994.

Learning and Teaching Styles Essay

Wk. 2 Learning and Teaching Styles â€Å"In almost every actual well-designed study, Mr. Pashler and his colleagues write in their paper, ‘Learning Styles: Concepts and Evidence,’ the pattern is similar: For a given lesson, one instructional technique turns out to be optimal for all groups of students, even though students with certain learning styles may not love that technique. † (2009) I wanted to start this paper with this quote since it did involve some sort of evidence that teaching in one style still works. Students can and do succeed and have received equal scores as their peers whose learning styles matched the teachers methods of teaching. I do believe however that students may not catch on as fast and lose interest easier when being taught material. This is why I would still use different methods of teaching versus just one. As a visual learner, I understand how difficult it can be to orally receive directions for an assignment or other activity. I thrive on written directions and learning materials that need to be read or are graphed. I often had to ask the teacher numerous times to repeat the directions because I wasn’t sure what I was supposed to do. This put me behind and my grades occasionally suffered as a result. As a past teacher who worked in a school that believed in teaching using the multiple intelligences method, I found great joy in seeing my students succeed. As teachers, we were required to hand in our lesson plans weekly to the principal. Our lesson plans had to involve each of the intelligences. This was my first real job as a teacher and I did not completely understand why we were required to do this and not use our own personal methods. Looking back, I am so grateful that I learned and saw first hand the consequences of teaching using the multiple intelligences. I enjoyed seeing my student’s motivation rise as their type of learning was focused on for a particular lesson. When I go back to teaching, I will with no doubt in my mind, use this method again. It completely fits with my style of teaching most likely because it was my first real experience and works even for those students who have a completely different learning style than I do. In an ESL classroom, â€Å"dividing a lesson into phases† (Palmberg) to make sure I use each of the intelligences is ideal. I firmly believe that this method works no matter how different a student’s learning style is from the teacher. In a sample lesson for example, I would explain the topic (i. e. vocabulary words on food items) and give the students an overview of what they will need to do and what they are expected to learn. I would read them a story relating to food or going shopping. Next I would have them write down their own list of items that their families normally buy often for a real-life experience. The next phase is to divide the class into groups and share each other’s lists. They would also discuss what their ideal list and store layout would be like if they could buy any type of food that they wanted from their ideal grocery store. They would then move on to thinking about a song or songs that is about food. We would play that song the following day. For the students who feel comfortable, creating their own body expressions describing food would be next and sharing these movements with the rest of the class. This exercise could be turned into a fun lesson where the rest of the class would have to guess which food item is being emphasized (like charades). We would next come up with a class list of favorite food items. There would more than likely be some disagreement so I would divide them up in half asking them to have a debate based on reasonable food limits and favorites to come up with an ideal list. We would do the same thing for the ideal store layout. For the sake of repetition, each original group would compare with the class their original lists and new â€Å"reasonable† list and layout. I believe this lesson would take a few days but involves most if not all intelligences. Being a visual learner, I can benefit from the students who are different from me as much as they benefit from me and the lessons I teach them using the different intelligences. For example, as I try and improve my weaknesses in some forms of learning, I can benefit from the students who learn better in a completely different way (say kinesthetic). They will get much benefit from the part of the lesson that involves movement and I will get the same benefit seeing how they react and learn to this part of the lesson. To make things fun for the students (and me) those willing could come up with their own way of teaching each other about a certain topic. I would of course give them the general rules and guidelines and they would do the rest. I think each student could benefit from this because they would more than likely use their favorite way of learning to â€Å"teach† a lesson. For those who do not want to do this, they could also benefit from this since it is an exercise that is not ordinarily done and will hold interest longer. I am not a teacher and never have been one who forces students to do something that makes them feel uncomfortable (i. e. standing up and doing a charade). I think that this will do more harm than good. The student may back off and not participate or be eager to learn for fear that they may be picked on by their peers or even the teacher. I had this experience in middle school and know how it feels. I began to pull myself away from the class and especially the teacher. As a result, I did poorly in the class. For these types of students, a more gentle approach is necessary. The teacher may ask this type of student to write an explanation of what they would do or simply tell the teacher what they would do for an assignment. This is why I am such a believer of the multiple intelligences method. It involves all students and doesn’t single out particular ones. Everyone benefits and everyone learns based on their own learning strengths. Another less popular/obvious benefit of this teaching method is related to the impact that the students learning has on their own family and home life. I think that because a student is more eager to learn as a result of the multiple intelligences method, they will carry their positive attitude into their home life and be more compliant towards their family and of course themselves. As we all know, a student’s home life reflects their attitudes and success in school. References: chronicle. com/article/Matching-Teaching-Style-to/49497/ www. sube. com/†¦ /integrating_learning_styles_and_skills_in_e†¦ www. tecweb. org/styles/gardner. html www. tefl. net/esl-lesson-plans/multiple-intelligences. htm Gardner, Howard. 1993. Multiple intelligences. The theory in practice. New York: Basic Books.

Automobile Industry China Essay

? mainland chinawargon became the terra firmas oversizest motor gondola political machinemobile catchr and grocery store in 2009 with annual gross gross revenue of nearly 14 zillion fomites. The grocery continues to exsert in 2010. In the social playment nine months of 2010, cable carmobilemobile undertaking leaded 13. 08 meg units, a 36. 1 percent sum up from a grade ago. The mainland mainland chinaw be Association of machinemobile Manufacturers (CAAM) elevated its forecast for annual sales to reach a al-Quran 17 one thousand million this year, matching the highest annual to the full forever reached in the United call forths. patience return has been primarily driven by ema tribe internalated study stemming from rising in cums, a buzz offing shopping mall class, and by validatory pains policies from the Chinese administration. The Chinese self-propelling diligence remains rattling fragmented. In addition, Chinese teleph wizard ex change g all overnment officials panic that unchecked expansion of chinaw ars political machine intentness approve up by local anesthetic authorities could harm the wider economy, and that senseless(prenominal) skill must be s enlightenped.Hence, the rudimentary brass continues to push for mergers and acquisitions (M&A) in the self-propel take industry which testament support the yield of a few spark advance subject argona companies. chinaw bes weak R&D, municipal mental institution and design capabilities argon primeval challenges to its outside(a) emulousness. With the presidential terms encouragement, domestic firms cave in opted for strategic classifynerships with overseas players, aiming to quicken engineering convey and meliorate domestic design and engineering capabilities.The Chinese regimen has go acrossed a summarise of value adjustments and subsidies for simple machine grease wholenesss palmss to encourage crossbreed galvanizing locomote simple machinemobile fomites, sl polish offer electric fomites and tralatitious fomites of minor engine displacement. Beijing has bit by bit introduced higher go dismissal standards for radical vehicles. Plans to develop hybrid electric and pure electric vehicle mathematical overlap capabilities be part of a broader, environmentally complaisant strategy to develop the railroad car industry.mart opportunities exist especially in the chase argonas o Developing domestic innovation capabilities (e.g. vehicle design and engineering, hybrid electric and pure electric engines, electric motors and electric controls) o evolutionivity and woodland asc arresting (e. g. engines, transmissions, electronic control systems and pr all the sametive systems) o Mergers and acquisitions ( both(prenominal) in china and in Israel) o Clean transportation technologies 3 chinawares self-propelled Sector vigilant for IEICI Updated November 2010 (Original April 2009) ? ? ? ? ? ? o Advanced manufacturing technologies o affix of essential self-propelling components/systems to OEMs (e. g.electronic control systems and safety systems) ?The fol busteding self-propelling segments in chinaware are hireed to be highly competitive and it forget belike be tough for Israeli firms to penetrate the market unless they digest an extreme competitive advantage material for seats/interiors, seat covers, floor mats, curtains, aluminum die casting, rubber bumpers, electronic arms cables, antennae, speakers, electric starters, vehicle cleaning products, window films, A/C compressors, supply and rock anele and air filters. 1. market place OVERVIEW ? ? chinawares self-propelled market has the just about appendage potential in the world per capita car ownership is until now remarkably low at 4. 78% and is anticipate to grow signifi bungho allowly. Domestic whole-vehicle even offrs and self-propelled suppliers are tranquilize extremely fragmented (g overnment-supported desegregation is impending in the near future) challenges remain for domestic R&D and design. With government subsidies and levy incentives, mainland china is aiming to establish an early flat coat in the output signal of low-emission and environmentally couthy railcars.Component importings surged by 130% in the first one-half of 2010 60% of merchandise components were drivetrains, engines or self-propelling body components. ? ? 1. 1 GENERAL OVERVIEW mercenary messageize Growth earlier fueled by domestic and partially by abroad demand, chinas rapidly thriveing self-propelling industry has outpaced the nations already impressive gross domestic product ingathering rates in juvenile years. Domestically, rising incomes and encouragement from the Chinese government for the urban population to obtain drivers licenses collapse spurred the demand for passenger vehicles. The booming passenger vehicle market has led to a soaring demand for self-prope lling components.Internationally, self-propelling manufacturers faced with decreasing margins and profitability set about sought out more affordable tally chain solutions, spirit to china as a potential author for lower cost self-propelling components. hostile developed markets for passenger vehicles, where harvest-festival in demand has been giganticly stagnant, chinas domestic demand for brand- unused automobiles has skyrocketed in the past years. Strong car sales in china in 2009 pushed the auto market to the largest in the world, and 2010 is set fit the controlling trend. 4 chinawares railway carmotive Sector on the watch for IEICI Updated November 2010 (Original April 2009). rootage china Association of self-propelled Manufacturers (CAAM) In the first nine months of 2010, automobile sales reached 13. 08 million units, up 36. 1% from a year ago. Over 9 million of the total sales were passenger cars and 3. 24 million were commercial vehicles. CAAM predicted t hat the 2010 annual sales will reach a record of 17 million units. It is widely believed that chinas self-propelled market currently has the or so harvest potential in the world. chinas 2009 per capita private car ownership was 4. 78%, far less than the 40% mean(a) of developed countries, and even less than other emerging markets much(prenominal) as Russia, Brazil and India.This is a pixilated indication that Chinas domestic market is far from being similarly saturated. According to CAAM predictions, emersion in the auto industry will remain sozzled until 2020 with annual maturation expected to systematically shop from 13 to 15 percent. The total bend of vehicles will jump from 67 to 150 million. Sales in bigger tierone and tier-two cities as well as soil areas should keep growing at a rapid pace over the close few years and high crop areas will move from eastern China to the central and western regions.Market Players on that point are currently more than coul omb whole-vehicle manufacturers and nearly 8,000 self-propelled parts manufacturers in China, located primarily in Southern, Eastern, and northeastern and central China (see the map on the right). Together, the top ten passenger vehicle manufacturers ( septet of which are joint risks (JVs) make up almost 90% of Chinas market share (see the table below). well-nigh every major world(a) vehicle manufacturer has schematic JV operations in China. 5 Chinas automotive Sector brisk for IEICI Updated November 2010 (Original April 2009). authorize 10 Passenger Vehicle Manufacturers in China (2009) Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Source CAAM Company SAIC1 FAW2 Dongfeng Chana (incl. Hafei) Beijing Auto Guangzhou Auto Chery BYD Brilliance Geely Others HQ strike Changchun Wuhan Chongqing Beijing Guangzhou Hefei Shenzhen Shenyang Taizhou JV Partner GM, VW VW, Toyota, Mazda PSA, Nissan, Honda cover, Mazda, Suzuki Hyundai Daimler Honda, Toyota, Isuzu, ordering N/A N/A BMW, Toyota N/A Sales (Unit ) 2,705. 5K 1,944. 6K 1,897. 7K 1,869. 8K 1,243. 0K 606. 6K 500. 3K 448. 4K 348. 3K 329. 1K 1,750K Market Share 19. 83% 14. 25% 13. 91% 13. 70% 9. 11% 4. 45% 3. 67% 3. 29% 2. 55% 2. 41% 12.84% Import Positive demand growth for automobiles and components has not only cause domestic industry growth, however has led to increased management from star distant automotive manufacturers impetuous to expand into the rapidly growing market. distant automotive manufacturers bring in besides been further by lower import responsibilitys, which project been lowered for whole vehicles from 70-80% to 25% since China joined the World Trade organisation (WTO). Import tariffs on Semi-Knocked-Downs (SKDs) and Complete-Knocked-Downs (CKDs) lease dropped from 50% to 25%, while import tariffs on vehicle components submit dropped from 15% to 10%.1 2 move self-propelled manufacturing Corporation First Auto Works 6 Chinas automotive Sector lively for IEICI Updated November 2010 (Origina l April 2009) Chinas automotive import growth was slowed due(p) to weaker demand ca utilize by the worldwide economic crisis of 2009. Annual total import were USD 33. 1 billion in 2009, representing a year-onyear increase of only 5. 34%. aided by government incentive programs and Chinas economic recovery, Chinas auto import total bounced back from a sluggish 2009, s prodding by 130% to USD 27. 22 billion in the first half of 2010. Imported European luxury cars had a remarkable 237.2% increase in 2010 compared to the same check the previous year. Chinas automotive component imports grew to USD 12. 7 billion in the first half of 2010, a 90% increase over the same cessation of 2009. Drivetrain, engine and automotive body components accounted for over 60% of the total component imports (see graph). to a greater extent than 80% of the imported components came from lacquer, German, Korea, and the United bows. The main groups of imported automotive components to China peck be divid ed into cardinal categories ? Nipponese and Korean OEMs and Tier I suppliers broadly these companies tend to only use suppliers from their country of origin.For example, Toyota typically sources components from Japanese JVs or all told Owned extraneous Enterprises (WFOEs) on the mainland, or directly imports from Japan. Such practice tends to conclusion from strict tone of voice requirements, cultural compatibility and logistic concerns. German OEMs and Tier I suppliers These companies typically import components in the areas where Chinese suppliers are weak (e. g. safety systems for high-end passenger cars). The US and cut OEMs operating in China produce not increased their automotive component imports as much as their peers for different reasons.US OEMs shed steadily increased their sourcing from local Chinese suppliers for vehicles make in China to stay competitive, and French OEMs are cladding a shrinkage market share in China. ? ? Chinese OEMs are emerging buyers o f imported automotive components, especially in the segments of hybrid and electric vehicles and Chinese-brand luxury vehicles. 7 Chinas Automotive Sector Prepared for IEICI Updated November 2010 (Original April 2009) exporting The impact of the economic crisis in 2008-2009 pressure many another(prenominal) multinational companies to reduce their sourcing of automotive vehicles and components from China.According to CAAM, China exported a total of 369,600 units in 2009 worth USD 5. 19 billion, which was depressed by 46% from 2008. Chinas auto exports rebounded as the global market recovered in 2010, with 250, coke vehicles exported in the first six months (up 55. 93% year-on-year). Passenger vehicle exports surged 115. 93% to 116,500 units, while commercial vehicle exports increased 25. 50% to 133,900 units. Algeria, Vietnam and Egypt were the major whole-vehicle export destinations in the first half of 2010. The auto components export growth has witnessed even more impressive growth than whole-vehicles.Exports increased 54. 11% to reach USD 18 billion in the first half year of 2010, with drive system components portentous 50% of the total by value. to a greater extent than 50% of the components were exported to the USA, Japan, South Korea, Germany and the United Kingdom. 1. 2 MARKET STRUCTURE Supplier grace The automotive supplier landscape in China is extremely fragmented. According to CAAM, at that place are approximately 8,000 automotive throw inprises baffled across various segments including full vehicle manufacturing, vehicle refitting, motorcycle disdain, engine production and automotive parts manufacturing.Most of these companies tell apart in lower-end parts and privation the great needed to invest in production of higher eccentric products. Seven of Chinas ten largest components manufacturers are international companies, and about 70% of the countrys USD 160 billion auto supply market is occupied by foreign companies or joint ventu res. There are approximately 120 OEMs in total, 40% of which produce passenger vehicles. One of the key contri thoors to the fragmentation of the automotive market as a whole is that Chinese suppliers go a large amount of crystallise OEMs.The worlds leading automotive companies are all well- accomplished in China. OEMs are represented by Ford, ordinary Motors (GM), Volkswagen (VW), Daimler, BMW, PSA, Mazda, Nissan, Honda, Toyota, Hyundai, and tier-one foreign companies including Bosch, Delphi, Denso, Johnson Controls, Lear, Magna, Visteon, Yazaki, ZF, Arvin Meritor and TRW. 8 Chinas Automotive Sector Prepared for IEICI Updated November 2010 (Original April 2009) Most of the supranational automaker and component manufactures grow invested to a great extent in China in attempts to clear up a competitive edge.For example, GM, Ford and painter Land Rover have realised their Asia Pacific home plate in China. GM, VW and Honda have also unresolved China R&D centers and have b egun to design car dumbfounds specifically for the Chinese consumer. International automotive components companies have also expanded their armorial bearing in China. For instance, BorgWarner recently opened a China Technical concentrate. ZF announce the government activity of its Asia Pacific headquarters in Shanghai as well as a crude Shanghai R&D center. Eatons Asia Pacific headquarters is in Shanghai.Rapid expansion from internationalist firms has let to foreign-invested automotive components suppliers holding 70% of the Chinese market share. Most of the top Chinese automotive parts manufacturers are altogether owned domestic companies such as ASIMCO, Wanxiang, Hongteo, Fuyao, Dicastal, Wanfeng and others. These companies could be potential competitors or first mates for Israeli companies. In response to the soaring domestic demand, Chinese automotive component manufacturers have ramped up their production capacities significantly, but this has also led to an increase in character complaints.Key Challenges for the Domestic exertion Chinese suppliers are now looking beyond the domestic market and improving their production process to emerge as aline global competitors. However, further coronation in R&D is up to now necessitate earlier Chinese manufacturers can really compete globally, as the industry smooth lacks technological capability and suffers from reference breaks. Chinas Automotive Sector Prepared for IEICI Updated November 2010 (Original April 2009) Flagship Domestic Automotive Companies Chery Automotive (Chery) ? Founded in 1997 and now has an annual production aptitude of 650,000 vehicles, 400,000 engines, and 400,000 sets of gearboxes.? Continues to expand into the overseas market and has established plants in 16 countries becoming the biggest Chinese vehicle exporter for seven consecutive years. ? Chery locomote Test & Technology Center opened in July 2010, which became the largest auto lab in Asia. The company will inve st RMB 2. 4 billion in 2010 to accelerate its new model ripening. ? Chery now owns a full set of manufacturing and R&D facilities, including quatern car plants, two engine plants, a gearbox plant, an automobile engineering look into shew, an automobile planning and design institute and an automobile test & technology center.? feature extensive technological and business relationships with overseas auto companies. Chery signed an agreement with Chrysler to produce Chery make cars low the Chrysler brand to be change in the United States and Mexico. ? Chery Quantum Auto. Ltd is a joint venture between Chery and Quantum LLC under an Israeli Group. They aimed to invest USD 334 million in 2010 to develop high-end cars and SUVs for the overseas market. 9 R&D capability Chinese automotive component manufacturers are able to manufacture products when they are leave behindd with designs and specifications, however most of them lack design, engineering and R&D capabilities.owe to weak R&D and engineering capabilities, many local suppliers have opted to enter into technical collaborations or JVs with leading international suppliers with the goal of facilitating the transfer of technology and change basic product engineering capabilities. A growing public figure of Chinese auto parts suppliers have begun to invest in and acquire western firms. Domestic R&D capabilities of Chinese automotive part manufacturers have historically been springed due to the small-scale of most operations and a shortage of investment in science laboratory facilities in comparison to international firms. victorious steps to remedy the situation, the Chinese government has continued to encourage investment in R&D for core systems, such as engines, transmission systems, steering systems, pasture brake systems and driving control systems. Safety and reputational issues Incidents and product recalls have raised questions about the quality and safety standards of Chinese manufactured autom otive components. According to the 2009 China Automotive Product whole tone & After Service Quality report, among the 9359 complaints documented about Chinese made cars, 19.5% were related to engine problems 10. 5% to steering systems 10. 7% to braking systems 18. 5% to automobile get atories and electronics and the remaining 40. 8% related to the gearbox, clutch, front and rear axles, suspension systems and air instruct systems. As a result of complaints and recalls, as well as other non-automotive related manufacturing scandals in China including melamine milk, begrime pet food, and anti-freeze laced toothpaste, Chinese manufactures are facing serious issues about their reputation.This is a problem local manufacturers will have to overcome if they want to increase their scrap on the global stage. The drivers are in place for Chinese domestic manufacturers to move to the forefront of the global automotive industry, but substantial domestic investment in R&D and improvements on quality and reputation are a indispensable prerequisite. 1. 3 EMERGING INDUSTRY TRENDS industry Drivers The rapid expansion of the Chinese automotive industry has been largely attributed to the growth in domestic demand for passenger vehicles and international demand for affordable automotive components.The Chinese government also continues to play an great function in encouraging the growth of the industry. 10 Chinas Automotive Sector Prepared for IEICI Updated November 2010 (Original April 2009) Tier II and Tier III cities emerge as market growth engines In 2010, most multinational automakers have included a focalisation on Central and westerly China markets into their strategies in order to bewitch future growth opportunities. For example, Volkswagen is ramping up message of its Chengdu plant more than stunt woman its production of Sagitars and Jettas from 150,000 to 350,000.GAIC Toyota (a JV between Guangzhou Automobile Industry Corporation and Toyota) is considering make a small and price-competitive car to target the lower end of the market. The JV also announced plans to expand its gripership network across central and Western China. Central and western China have emerged as the main growth engine of the automotive market. According to CAAM, automobile sales in second and third-tier cities in the first nine months of 2009 surged 41 percent and 51 percent respectively, while sales in the firsttier cities increased by 34 percent.Domestic demand has been fueled by rising incomes and a growing middle class creating a larger consumer culture. The grease ones palms of an automobile is more and more becoming a symbol of financial success. In the past, the focus has been on coastal cities. Since 2009, tier II and tier III cities have emerged as the pissedest market growth engines (see more exposit on your left) Even though large cities in China are facing serious traffic congestion issues, Chinese have not been deterred about make new automobi le purchases.China overtook the U. S. as the worlds fleck one automotive market in January 2009. The positive developments in the passenger vehicle industry have benefitted both domestic auto manufacturers (which are emerging from their infancy stages and growth competitive capabilities) and major international automotive giants (which have increased investment into China to expand their presence). However, with per capita car ownership was remedy only 4. 78% in 2009, still far below the 40% average in developed countries.This is a watertight sign that domestic demand for passenger vehicles will remain high in years to come. The domestic aftermarket for automotive components is increasingly becoming an weighty driver of the industry. to a greater extent than thirteen million cars are sold annually in China which is leading to a growing market for automobile repairs and further stimulating domestic demand for automotive components. International demand for automotive components has also increased as international automotive firms face pressures to reduce cost and take advantage of more economical ersatzs abroad.Chinas inexpensive labor force presents an attractive option for producing lower-cost automotive components, which were initially primarily for the international aftermarket but are increasingly being used by international OEMs. The majority of leading international automobile OEMs have established global sourcing offices, R&D centers as well as regional headquarters in China. 11 Chinas Automotive Sector Prepared for IEICI Updated November 2010 (Original April 2009) Finally, the Chinese government continues to play an important role in driving the industry.Post-WTO accession concessions have resulted in lower import tariffs, talent international automotive firms more access to the domestic market. Beijing has actively encouraged the establishment of JV R&D centers with preferential tax policies designed to facilitate the transfer of knowledge and technology. The government has assure substantial funds towards automotive technology innovation, upgrades, and the R&D of alternative-fuel automobiles and components. They are also setting restrictions and quotas requiring all vehicles that are used for government use to be produced domestically.Industry Consolidation China is determined to restructure its automotive industry, with the hopes of changing the market from many fragmented manufactures to two or triad dominant domestic firms. According to the State Councils regulations released in early kinfolk 2010 which called for greater industrial consolidation, the automobile industry was at the top of the list of targeted sphere of influences. The State Council set the goal of reducing the topic of major automakers who are responsible for 90% of domestic sales output, from 14 to 10. under the plan two or one-third companies would dominate the industry, responsible for producing more than terzetto million vehicles annually , while quartet others would have annual output capacity of 1. 5 million units. The State Council named the next four groups as potential industry heavyweights, urging them to take advantage of consolidation opportunities FAW Dongfeng Chinas Automotive Sector Prepared for IEICI Updated November 2010 (Original April 2009) Flagship Domestic Automotive Companies Shanghai Automotive (Group) Corp (SAIC) Industry ? Headquartered in Shanghai, it is one of the top three auto groups in China.? Mainly engaged in the manufacturing, sales and R&D for passenger cars, commercial vehicles and auto components. ? The company is ranked 223 of the part 500 companies with consolidated revenue of US$33. 6 billion in 2009. ? change over 2. 7 million vehicles in 2009, making up almost 20% of Chinas market. ? SAIC invested over 10 billion RMB on new model development in the past 3 years, and will launch hybrid and electric vehicles in 2010 and 2012. ? Acquired Nanjing Automotive (Group) Corp (NAC) in 2007 and became the largest manufacturer in China with a consolidated annual production of 2 million units.? SAIC has opened branches in the USA, Europe, Hong Kong, Japan and Korea. It has established a long-term cooperation with GM and Volkswagen. SAIC and GM formed Shanghai GM and the Pan Asia Technical Automotive Center (PATAC) in 1997 and launched 8 additional China joint ventures, including SAIC-GM-Wuling, GMAC-SAIC Automotive Finance Company, and General Motors SAIC Investment Limited. ? Shanghai Volkswagen (a joint venture between SAIC and Volkswagen AG) recently announced it will build a fifth meeting place plant in Jiangsu. The plant will have an annual production capacity of 300,000 vehicles and start operation by the end of 2012.12 SAIC and Changan. Additionally, it named four regional leaders that it encouraged to consider regional consolidation Beijing Automobile Guangzhou Automobile red-faced and Sinotruck. All of these companies are passenger vehicle manufacturers wi th the exception of Sinotruck which manufactures heavy-duty trucks (sales of over 125,000 units in 2009). Industry analysts predict that the coming revolve of M&As within the automotive sector could see a deal that breaks the USD 1 billion mark, more than doubling the largest deal to date which was the USD 450 million purchase of General Motors.Nexteer steering components unit by a joint venture established by Beijings tempo Group and the Beijing government. Global intricacy As the leading automotive market, China automakers are accelerating global transformation to increase their presence in the overseas market. Zhejiang Geely dimension Group (one of Chinas largest free lance carmakers) recently completed its acquisition of Ford Motors Volvo brand for USD 1. 5 billion. This is an indication that Chinese automakers have begun to espy the power of strong brand reputation.Geelys Volvo bid is the largest takeover in Chinese auto industry and will provide a pattern for Chinese ca rmakers to expand aboard and acquire companies with a strong reputation. Beiqi Foton, Chinas leading commercial automaker followed Geelys step and announced its global expansion plan. This includes setting up a production base in Russia by 2012 with an annual capacity of 100, 000 vehicles and building five other plants in Brazil, India, Russia, Mexico and Thailand before 2015.New Energy Vehicle nidus of Future festering High oil prices, air pollution, and Chinas shipment to reduce carbon emissions have led the automotive industry to explore alternative energies. The Chinese government has launched policies and incentives to stimulate the development of new life force vehicles, including electric (hybrid, plug-in and battery), fuel cell, and hydrogen-powered. China has identified new zip fastener vehicle as one of the seven emerging strategic industries. Many estimation China will become the worlds largest new nil vehicle market by 2020.The Energy salvage and New Energy Vehic le Development Plan (2011-2020) and the Automotive Industry twelfth Five-year Plan (2011-2015), two of the key policies expected to guide the development of new energy vehicle industry, are expected to come out by the end of 2010. The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT) is the principal drafter of these plans which are later submitted to the State Council for approval. The plans set the following key targets for the new energy vehicle industry by the end of 2020 ?In the following five years China will aggressively support the development of key components of energy efficient and new energy automobiles. For electric motors and 13 Chinas Automotive Sector Prepared for IEICI Updated November 2010 (Original April 2009) ? ? batteries manufacturers, China hopes that three to five good sense enterprises will emerge with their combined market share exceeding 60%. China will produce 5 million new energy vehicles and become the number one producer of new energy vehicles i n the world by 2020 number fuel economy of passenger vehicles will be 4.5 L/100 kilometers by 2020, the same as European standards. The plans will become the backbone form _or_ system of government for the entire new energy vehicle industry, as it provides direction for public funding, sector focus and industry structuring. Most important to pay attention to is that Chinese companies are likely to reap the most benefits from these coordinate strategies. To support indigenous innovation, the Chinese government has stated that the two or three key new energy vehicle component manufacturers will most likely be domestic companies, either state-owned or private.2 REGULATORY OVERVIEW ? Government tariffs on automotive imports are in residence with WTO rules, but minimum capital barriers still exist for foreign investors. The government has created roughly incentives to spur R&D partnership, and regulations for foreign distributers have been eased somewhat. The government has plans to implement higher auto emissions standards for new cars in China. So far four regions have implemented China IV emission standards (Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing and Guangdong Province).The Chinese government views the development of the new energy vehicle industry in China as a top priority and has introduced a wide lean of subsidies and policies in its favor. ? ? Chinas automotive industry supply chain is very broad with many components such as import and export, manufacturing, environmental protective cover, technology upgrades and quality control. As such, the industry is regulated by a range of government organs, both at the national and sub-national level. The below chart illustrates the key central level regulators of the automotive industry, and their relevant responsibilities.14 Chinas Automotive Sector Prepared for IEICI Updated November 2010 (Original April 2009) The automotive industry is subject to a number of laws and regulations. The key regulations that are relevant to Israeli companies are addressed below. 2. 1 impertinent ACCESS TO THE CHINESE AUTOMOTIVE MARKET Trade The Chinese auto sector is competitive and has a well-developed supply chain. Imports of foreign-made auto parts will likely falloff as OEMs continue to increase their local capacities. At the same time, higher quality Chinese auto parts are increasingly being integrated into the global supply chain.Currently the import tariff for whole vehicles is 25% and for automotive components is 10%. 15 Chinas Automotive Sector Prepared for IEICI Updated November 2010 (Original April 2009) Investment Foreign businesses must meet a number of requirements in order to access Chinas automotive market. The Chinese government has set requirements for minimum registered capital when a firm wants to establish an automotive knack which is RMB 500 million (USD 75 million3) for automobile financing, RMB 500 million (USD 75 million) for engine production and RMB 10 million (USD 1. 5 million) for an R&D center.All projects are subject to government approval. Foreign firms looking to produce passenger vehicles cannot set up WOFEs, but must partner with a local Chinese firm in the form of a JV, with the foreign partners stake limited to 50%. On the other hand, China offers monetary and financial incentives to attract foreign investment in R&D strategies as part of the central governments strategy to speed up the transfer of international technology. China currently provides tax incentives for enterprises engaged in research and development activities, allowing R&D enterprises to deduct 50% of R&D expenses.Suppliers are most oftentimes required to localize or invest in China and Israeli companies interested in tapping into the vast Chinese market will need to consider establishing a local presence. IPR Issues in China While the protection of intellectual plaza rights (IPR) remains a contentious issue for companies in China, the countrys laws and regulations have progressed con siderably in recent years, with the large majority now compliant with requirements of the WTOs TRIPS agreement.The main challenge surrounding IPR protection in China is the lack of utile enforcement of the existing regulations. Enforcement issues arise from a range of root causes, including the relatively recent universe of IPR legislation and concept of intellectual plaza in general, the absence of a in full independent judicial system, and provincial officials often protective attitude towards local cheat creating counterfeiting industries.While most foreign companies considering business operations in China may have to accept an unavoidable course of IPR infringement, there are nevertheless a number of actions that a company can take in order to limit their IPR-related risk ? ? ? Ensure to register your patents, copyrights, or trademarks with the relevant bureaus Ensure that your trade or other.