NT Model :: essays research papers fc

When Windows NT was unquestionable the designers ensured that credentials features were built in unlike when for example when MS province was highly-developed. By default NT has a minimum- gage standard as developers assumed that the ordinary single-valued functionr would not want a highly secured operating governance. As a result, administrators must configure or harden the security levels to gratify the users requirements. There be three levels 1)     Minimum no/few security features are apply, however the spreading of viruses should still be taken into esteem2)     Standard most machines store some sort of sensitive information, which is where the use of log-ons, passwords etc apply3)     High-level - used when highly sensitive data is involved, where in that respect is a risk of theft etcAuthentication an important area of security in relation to retrieve controls, both(prenominal) to the system itself an d to particular applications. NT allows the base of accounts, which can be assembled into give out sections of e.g. users and administration. Both are set with separate privileges depending on the User ID and the password the user enters. The permission controls are ground on security Ids found in a security access token which determines the users privileges. However in highly secured systems fingerprints can be used for authentication. Also, the built in Guest account can restrict gateway for casual users. As well as tracking the users access controls, NT excessively manages the applications access controls by using a subject. These can be divided up into two classes, a open subject and a master of ceremonies subject. With regards to the simple subject, depending on the users access token, it will be allocated a security context. part the server subject is implemented as a protected server which uses the security context of the client when acting on behalf of the client.T here are two file systems available for NT, these include the FAT (File Allocation Table) system and the NTFS. However, the FAT system provides very little security as it was developed primarily with DOS in mind. In contrast NTFS was created specifically for Windows NT. It is fast, allows time-consuming file names and is backward compatible with DOS programs. In put up to facilitate the integrity of data at the hardware level, NT has a built-in fault tolerance. NTFS creates fault-tolerant phonograph recording subsystems in different ways. One of which is called disk mirroring, whereby two partitions are required on two different disks, both using a single hard disk controller.

Policy Tools

Command and control formula as defined by Michael Raegan(1987) is a process or activity in which giving medication requires or prescribes indisputable activities or behavior on the part of individuals or institutions, mostly individual(a) but sometimes public, and does so through a continuing administrative process, generally through specially de hallowated regulatory agencies.There is a history of didactics and control regulation as a policy instrument of the government in Trinidad and Tobago as evidenced by its popment in 2013 and 2014 calculate in relation to the romp ndustry. The gaming industry in Trinidad and Tobago is an vicious hotshot, which operates without government regulation. As stated in the 2013 budget Minister Howai Mr. speaker we intend to bring the gaming industry under to a greater extent rough-and-ready control and capture more fully the revenue that can light to the Treasury. The Gaming Industry offers a legitimate form of entertainment if it is m ighty modulate. It was proposed that effective May 2013 a series of regulations would be put into place to manage the industry until the comprehensive framework and control body was established. In the 2014 budget Minister Howai acknowledged that previous stated policy had non been fully implemented but that vital steps were underway, which included spacious consultations with various stakeholder bodies. According to Finance Minister, the Honorable Larry Howai, a comprehensive disposal structure for the industry was developed over the last year.It will have in mind the establishment of a Regulatory Commission with the power to license premises, operators, suppliers and discern employees. The new legislation will control the operations of what will be referred to as registered casinos. The primary advantage of financial statement and control regulation towards the gaming industry in Trinidad and Tobago is that being an illegal practice (aside from pool riotous halls), governm ent has the legislative upper hand to determine what is to be regulated and how.Mitnick (1980) explains that a government need not know in feeler its subjects preferences as in the case of voluntary instruments and little information is require to establish the regulation as a result. Government can apparently establish a standard and expect compliance (Howlett and Ramesh 2009) making it a gamyly damage and time efficient tool. Secondly regulation in itself allows for better co-ordination of government efforts and planning because of the predictability it entails (Howlett and Ramesh 2009).This is tied to the directness and specificity of the nature of command and control regulation. This predictability and directness of the regulation makes it easier and more suitable of an instrument in times of crisis or when an immediate response is needed, as noted by the Minister that the gaming industry is substantial and growing industry with the high prevalence to criminal activity and social ills gum olibanum immediate carry out needs to be aken to arrest the put under before it spirals, while reaping the benefits of change magnitude revenue at the same time.Command and control regulation is also more greet efficient than other instruments as well as in public and politically appealing governments part (Howlett and Ramesh 2009) Although command and control regulation is cost effective especially when compared to other instruments it is still quite costly, as the cost of enforcement by regulatory bodies may be high due to pull ahead costs of information, investigation and prosecution which make the policy legalistic and adversarial(Hahn and Hind 1991).Another issue with command and control in the context of the gaming industry in Trinidad and Tobago is that the very nature of the industry is problematic. Private members clubs, slot machines etcetera which create the industry are all illegal activities that have been allowed to flourish without regulation, thus the administration of the regulatory framework is problematic as it needs to educe legitimacy and acceptance by an illegitimate structure.There has to be total co-operation on the part of all members of the gaming industry in order for regulation to be effective and adhered to. Dyerson and Mueller (1993) also state that regulation is often resolute and does not offer consideration for individual circumstances, thus a one size fits all regulation of casinos, private members clubs etc does not take into musical score the size and profitability or extent of gambling taking place.This may lead to incompliance with the regulatory structure and undermining of the very framework government is exhausting to cement. A mixed approach to regulation could be used, a acceptable example of which is self regulation, which would be more cost effective as government would not ave to foot the cost of creation, administration and renewal of standards (Howlett and Ramesh).However in that lo cation is a tossup as to how effective and favorable alternative methods unfeignedly are when one considers the social costs of ineffective or ineffectual administration of voluntary standards, especially those related to non-compliance (Gibson 1994 and Karamanos 2001) The overall usefulness of this policy tool cannot be fully assessed as it has not been fully implemented and remains largely at the drawing board. This perhaps is a sign of its ineffectiveness and inability to meet the goals of the government.

Environmental Degradation Essay

In 1987 The United Nations World Commission on surroundings and tuition (WCED) released a pioneering report concerning the environmental change that is tone ending on. through the report, called Our Common Future, WCED passed a warning that soon the worldly concern would be set about intolerable aims of damage to the environment if we ar non going to alter our way of living. It would to a fault lead to the humans suffering ascribable to it. The Commission explained that in that location is a pressing requirement of changing the belt along as well as the trend of international stinting developing so that it meets the capacity of the world.It said Humanity has the ability to make suppuration defendable to ensure that it meets the needs of the present with come out of the closet compromising the ability of coming(prenominal) generations to meet their own needs. (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987 8) After exhaustively analysing the situation it gr oundwork be concluded that the environmental crisis has an impact on each of the nation in the world. However, the extent to which they be affected is diverse and depends on the way they consume and excessively their economic expansion.Just 25% of the global universe of discourse consumes a very high percentage of the worlds fossil fuels and chemical goods as high as 70% and 85% respectively. This unbalanced consumption also exists in the atomic number 18a of irrigate. In the United States the per capita consumption of water goes as high as 2300m3 annually. In Canada the figure is at 1500m3 while in Britain it reaches up to 225m3. On the otherwise(a) hand, the developing countries gestate a much lower consumption, of between 20 and 40m3.The trends of usage for the forest goods sum several of the other goods comprise of a similar direct proportion to the figure of population of the 20% of the wealthiest communities. ascribable to such extravagant demands, a great burden is universe situated on the national as well as the worlds natural resources. The other societies make up to about 80% of the population, and witness less than 20% of the world capital. The consumption of these societies is much more than humble. environmental Challenge Presently, there is non enough attention, at least not in the degree that is required, being paid to the companionable concerns.Scientists be pointing out to the troubles that we atomic number 18 facing and which would make our survival difficult later on. such troubles include warming globe, the earths ozone layer being depleted, the leave consuming agricultural land. However, we atomic number 18 not responding to the warning in the abstract manner instead we ask them for elevate details. Initially it was pattern that environmental degradation is primarily the concern of the richer countries and happens due to industrial affluence. However, now it is an anaesthetise for the developing countries as wel l.The very ridiculous countries argon caught in the fall coil of associated environmental and economic decline. Although there argon hopes being express at every side, no pattern can be seen nor any(prenominal) kind of campaigns or rules which would console the poor and decrease the increasing wisecrack between rich and poor countries. For the decide of phylogeny we have serene weapons which can divert routes, which had been pursued since millions of years, and can form such a planet that our ancestors may not identify as being theirs.The biodiversity in the atomic number 63an continent is rapidly going down. Although europium can be termed as wealthy and strong it does not seem that it has the practical slipway for avoiding the decline. Birdlife International (Conservative Series 3) conducted a study and the results showed that 40% of the bird species atomic number 18 in an unfavourable situation. Since the away cardinal decades the there has been a substantial redu ction in one in four of atomic number 63s 514 bird species. It is ironic that such occurrences took place in the alike(p) years when there were the most conservative efforts made.A re-strengthening of the europiuman commandment has taken place, there are now more nature militia and parks, and certain species which had disappeared in the area have been reintroduced. Concerning this issue, in 2003 the European explore Commissioner Philippe Busquin said The time has come for coordinated European action to contort the run on environmental threats For too long, we have exploited the Mediterranean and contraband Sea areas, without considering the eventual consequences of our actions.We must invest in integrated programmes of seek to deliver sustainable development solutions and long-term environmental security system for the benefit of our future generations. (Europa, 2003). In 2008, the European Commissioner for Environment Stavros Dimas publically intercommunicate the audi ence at Harvard University and talked over this issue. Dimas link what the European Unions ambitious environmental agenda is. This included tar begeting 20% decline in the consumption of energy by the year 2020. This was, internationally, the commencement exercise asset the great emissions trading plan. concord to Dimas the agenda also targeted at using more and more of sustainable and renewable resources. Along with this Dimas emphasized that it is vital for there to be global collaboration on matters like climate depart, biodiversity loss, and deforestation. The westward world takes Eastern Europe as the place where there are smog and toxic spills. The priority of the communist regimes had been to intensify industrialization. Even though certain environmental rules exist in many areas and they were similar to those in the Western Europe, these were hardly ever implemented.Polluted rivers, toxic waste dumps, and the terrains and cities being blackened by soot was the conseque nce. The environmental standards of the European Union are harsh and these have been pushing these nations for the cleaning up of their ecological death regions. 15 years of leniency has been given to the states that have recently get together the union. However, this leniency is only for those regions where much investment is required, for example the building of water purification schemes.Several of the areas are already showing the signs of the clean-up attempts. For instance, there is the Black Triangle in Poland, Germany and the Czech Republic. This area was once of the most soil regions globally. It supplied energy to the heating and heavy industries through the power plants which worked on coal. ascribable to this whole forests were destroyed. However, by 2000 there had been such a significant change due to the efforts that emissions of sulphur dioxide and solid particles were lessened by greater than 90% (Habeck, 2004). Other ChallengesAt the time when the terms of refe rence of the Commission were is discussion in 1982, some of the individuals proposed limiting the concerns to only environmental matters. This would not have been feasible. In fact it would be considered a major fault. The environment is not separate from our actions, determinations and requirements, and efforts to save only that and not look at other concerns would make the word environment a nuance of gullibility in certain governmental spheres. Certain others have restricted the term development to quite an inadequate spirit, along the lines of what poor countries should do to become richer. therefore, those in the global scene mechanically dismiss it as being something that the experts are to misgiving about, and the ones concerned with queries regarding development assistance. European expansion (Organisation for stinting Cooperation and Development OECD, 2006) has formed a new arcadian Europe. Certain of the rural areas of Central plus the Eastern Europe are being structu rally transformed (Fraser, 2005). Simultaneously, in Europe and the member nations complaisant services are being subjected to modernisation and improvement (Kumar et al. , 2003).The researchers who are on the lookout for the pull of a dependable rural evidence metrical unit are facing confronts. They wish this to inform policy decisions and practice (European Commission EC, 2006a OECD, 2006). One of the challenges that they take care happens to be the speed of trans set upion and the requirement for latest research (Commission for rustic Communities CRC 2006a). One more is the problem that they face to arrive at a mutual explanation of each of the two rural regions plus the social services so as to conduct a relative research in the European continent which is quite a varied region.Europe is also facing challenges in the area of get the picture. When the Europeans lose farm outs they get upset. This may happen because of inside arguing in the European Union or because of the international competition that they face from other continents like Asia, and also from Latin America and the United States. In those regions the European carmakers have initiated their plants. The private orbit has not been forming any significant number of new jobs since as proterozoic as the 1970s, and about 20 million Europeans are not diligent of which several may not be ever.Recently there was a survey held in Italy and the results showed that 38% of the participants though unemployment to be the most urgent challenge. This view was held by 58% of the respondents in France, whereas in Germany the figure was as high as 81%. The big nations that are at the inwardness of the euro region are languishing in the economic area but withal they do not seem capable of coming to grips with the opening transformations which are required in such a planet of globalisation, spirited labour markets, and the portable capital pressures of our economies.In the situation when a European lo ses his job because of his firm setting up in India instead, it is presumable that he would not get another job. Plus due to the reducing demographic base the liberal pension systems are being threatened. Several of the European nations are going down and are not being able to sustain their people. For example, by 2050 the population of the Italian nation would go down, from a 57 million to 45 million. By the same time greater than fractional of the population in Germany would be above 55 years of age. Europe requires that immigration takes place.But this happens to be a contentious means of aggrandisement the workforce, since there is a prevalent dread of a rising Moslem population. What is more important? The environment is the place where we live and for improving ourselves in the environment there has to be development taking place. That is to say that the two are indivisible. Additionally, the matters related to development should be perceived by the political chiefs as bei ng important, as they think that their nations have achieved stability and the other countries should struggle at attaining that position.The routes that the industrialized countries take for the purpose of development are obviously indefensible. The decisions that such nations make for improvement, due to their large economic plus political authority, would greatly affect the capability of each person for the sustainment of human growth. This would not be just for them but also for the further generations ahead. Several of the important survival matters concern unbalanced expansion, poverty and population growth.All of these issues extraordinarily pressurize the worlds lands, waters, green areas, plus also other natural resources, not least in the developing nations. Chances and resources are wasted through the downward spiral of paucity and ecological disability. Especially it is wasting the human resources. Such associations between paucity, inequity, and ecological deteriorati on created a significant matter in the assessment and recommendations. There is a requirement of a new period of economic expansion. This expansion has to be powerful but also socially and environmentally sustainable.The search for a demanding dynamic balance between economic prosperity, environmental responsibility and social safety is certainly the essential civilizational, and consequently also political, task of the first half of the 21st century (Plut, 2000 149). The geopolitical part and situation of Europe had been altered drastically since the past some decades. Being the backing for the European continent, the EU reacted in two methods to the market-, technology- and information-related confrontations of globalisation and the macro regional rivalry with the United States and Japan with development and moster interrelation.Nevertheless, the fact that whether the nonexistence of a wide-spread domestic marketplace had been the chief cause of a low level of rivalry of the inte rnational firms in the European continent is arguable. In the mid-nineties an even European Union market had been set up and this allowed for a more essential development of a shared policy also regarding the environment, transport, and communication network. In several ways the expansion of environment rules can possibly be recognized with a past of democratization of the European Union.The EU nations accepted the Amsterdam Treaty in the June of 1997 and its environment related content was influenced a lot due to the deepened political pressures plus also good structured agendas of non-governmental environmental groups and green political parties. Because of the several past environmental pressures in the AC10, the procedure of their modification to the environmental edict of the EU15 may seem to be highly challenging, enduring, and due to their reduced item fictitious character and social disaster, in all probability also politically conflictnous.For the purpose of the incorpora tion into the European Union and also for the modification of the ecological legislation there would be a requirement of capital and this may travel out to be a great burden. The EU15 and the AC10 nations have similar environmental objectives. However, their initial situations, the time, and the means of change are far from identical. AC10 faced economic and social disasters in the beginning of transition and because of this there is no worry for the environment among them both the people and the government.In 2000, the AC10 had just started developing environmental action programmes and also incorporating the European Union environmental principles into their legislations. Before the EU environmental policy and rules can be adopted completely, there is an farsightedness of a longer modification era. There is an anticipation of this era oddly in the area of transport, energy sector and agriculture (European Environment Agency, 1999). There are fears of AC10 repeating the mistakes , that the EU nations committed in the 1970s, in the probable era of heavy economic expansion between the years 2000 and 2010 (2015) (Plut, 2000). finale Because of the deterioration of the environment the public health is being affected drastically and it is also leading to social inequity. For the meantime, the economically strong countries who are the causing it escape efficient management by the public. Under the new-liberal stick, environmental, communal and sovereign matters have previously not appeared to be so nearly connected. The do happening due to the destruction of the environment have affected the certain nations along with the third world nations lately. Such effects have been in, for instance, the health.According to recent studies, hundreds of deaths taking place annually in the major European cities are due to the air pollution which happens because of the too much vehicle traffic. Several others have to undergo chronic asthma, this too for the same reason. Sim ilarly, a large number the young people are suffering from leukaemia. These are the ones who live near waste recycling and storage centre near the Hague, Holland. Industrial pollution is also affecting the babies and infants and they are going to rest it throughout their lives, not only medically but also socially. water resources are going down, so much so that there is a danger of scarcity. Whatever amount still is there has a poor quality. This is resulting in high prices of water and because of this an increasing number of people cannot get the municipal water supply since they cannot afford to pay the charges. Certain extremely poor Europeans even have to make use of mineral water due to the fact that they are not getting water in their taps. Such kinds of situations should provoke an environmental sense to be at the centre of attention.Concerning biodiversity, the environmental requirements of Europe, just like in other regions, challenge the extreme judgement regarding the market system that is governed by great, private welfare. It has been frequently thought that environmental requirements are a mere luxury, or at the minimum not the most important issue to be dysphoric about, in front the prevalent social crisis. Nevertheless, suggestions of environmental catastrophe are very well felt in the north and the south and they are reaching an increasing scope of views of our situations of life.Environmental matters have to be handled today, and not simply left for later years. This fact should have been taken into servant previously it should be considered even more now. References Anon. (2003). Turning the tide on environmental degradation the EU examines ways to reverse damage in the Mediterranean and Black Seas. Europa, Online 28 may 2003. Available at http//europa. eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction. do? reference=IP/03/769&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en Accessed 9 May 2009.Commission for uncouth Communities (CRC). (2006a). R ural Disadvantage Reviewing the Evidence. Cheltenham Commission for Rural Communities. European Environment Agency. (1999). Environment in the European Union at the Turn of the Century. Copenhagen EEA. European Commission. (2006a). Rural Development in the European Union Statistical and Economic information discipline 2006. Online September 2006. Available at http//ec. europa. eu/agriculture/agrista/rurdev2006/RD_Report_2006. pdf Accessed 9 May 2009.

Race-Specific Schools in Ontario Essay

Throughout the years Ontario has become a very multicultural province, meaning all schools ar multicultural. Recently the government of Ontario has thought nigh the idea of having schools that are race- specific. These schools would only be open for a specific race and base it on the abilities of that race. Could a school like this pass water in our multicultural society? There are many hoi polloi today that would not agree with this decision for many reasons. Society believes that these schools exit not prepare students for the real world they are an old-fashion idea.The Canadian ambition is to be multi-cultural but an inclusive place. This idea of race based schools is looked go through upon in this society. People think that making schools for specific races will not prepare students when they enter the real world after finishing richly school. Going to race-specific school students will only be taught about the culture, and memoir of their own coun savor. Also, they will be taught about the history of their race in Canada, and what their people have done that has impacted our history.This is not right because they pack to learn about what every race did that impacted our history. Since we are at once living in a multicultural county. Zanana Akande, an Ontario Legislature speaks on black focussed schools and says The situation in which we live, work and raise our kids is not a segregated one, it is an integrated one. When these students finish high school they will be so use to dealing with people of their own kind, it will be difficult for them to interact with others. Therefore these schools will not prepare them for the hereafter in for university/collage and in the workplace.In all these institutions people are of all races, and cultures, so they need to learn how to treat, and speak to these people. The idea of having race-specific schools is archaic. In a modern multi-cultural society this would be pitiful a stones throw in the opposite d irection. Ontario is trying to move up culturally, but this would entirely move the province back. In many institutions they have programs that speak against racism, and try to prove that everyone is equal, and is able bodied to intake the same amount of intimacy and information.Making these schools would bring back the racism into our country, and go against all these racism acts. This would bring us back into time, where racism was part of the norm. Students should be schooling in an environment where they are surrounded by people of antithetic race. Dalton Mcguinty speaks on black focused schools and says I think our shared duty is to look for ways to bring people together. (Toronto star). We should not be moving backwards, but rather move forward to a better carcass and society.

The Gym

As I stroll up to the two giant doors I kick in protrude and cover one of the pairs of handles, my fingers smudging its shimmering, chrome profile. As I enter the gym, the smells of stale perspire and cleaner mingle with my nose, creating flashbacks of prior experiences. I flash my ID card to the employee working at the front desk and continue on through until I reach my ultimate destination the basketball romance.When I enter the court of justice the commencement exercise thing I notice argon the baskets. They stand over the court bid sentinels opposing each other on opposite sides manage guards on the border of North and South Korea. The padding on the backboards, presently a bland blue from wear and tear, is falling apart like an old sofa, while the backboard itself, once crystal clear, is streaked with lily-white blotches and scratches. The rims, connected to the backboard, are a rusty orange that blisters whoever is foolish luxuriant to hand on it. While the basket s are necessary to play the sport, the close important component of a basketball court is the floor.The basketball courts floor is springy and seems to assist in your jumping ability. They are make of a hard wood that is a tinged yellow, similar in color to an old desk. When the floor is clean, you elicit nearly see your reflection, save dont let its shiny surface fool you though landing on it may prove to be more vexatious than you think. However, when the floor is dirty it is unforgiving your shoes slip and slide across the surface, like a scene out of a comic book. take down though the floor of a basketball court is important, there is something else needed to play the sport.In order to play the sport of basketball you need, quite patently put, a basketball. Employees working in the front of the complex will tolerate you with a basketball, but you have to leave your ID card with them. The basketballs are made out of bright, orange leather that is firm, yet soft to the to uch. They bounce easily, allowing you to carry through whatever dribbling technique your heart desires. Every player handles a basketball variantly though and there are many different types of players that play at the gym.The hatful that hoop at the gym can be put into different categories. Most players fall into the stereotypical persona of the player that just plays for fun he wears ankles socks and cheap shoes, and usually isnt that great of a player. Other lot include the buff guy wire that relies on his strength rather than his fundamentals, the shooter with his reliable ability to rotate the floor with his range, the slasher who is able to get to the hoop and nominate open shots for the shooters, and finally the ballhawk who annoys you with his intense defense and his knack of getting loose balls. All of these people are different but they mesh because their strengths compliment other peoples weaknesses.Whenever I go to the gym all of the sights, smells, and sounds he lp create images in my head that make me want to go back over again and again. But probably the most memorable experiences are leaving my slow, faded steps finally leading myself back through the giant doors and out into the world.

Contemporary occupational health and safety Essay

What role did the state, the employers and the proletarians play in put ining the contemporary occupational wellness and sentry go device regime?In the 1960s litigateers in the joined States sought state laws to compensate their disabilities due to poor working(a) conditions that behave to Black lung disease. The workers were successful and this win was instrumental in passing the mid-seventies United States occupational Health & Safety act, and subsequent policies in other countries including Canada. This paper will discuss the events that took place following this primal act. workers, State and Employers roleA surge in workers injuries guide to infantile workers demanding improved health and recourse conditions. Although employers initially denied the poor working conditions and rejected requests for testing of harmful substances, the workers were persistent and eventually brought aw atomic number 18ness and reform to industrial safety concerns.A critical event in Ca nadas Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) movement took place in 1973 when a adult keep down of mine workers were diagnosed with johncer from exposure to dangerous materials at work. This direct to a worker strike and resulted in the mining company and workers feeler to an agreement that addressed both(prenominal) worker and union concerns with toxic substances. The workers believed that the governing body should be their health and safety monitor, and felt that up until this point the giving medication had fai take to look after the workers interests.In 1974, the acting government (Progressive Conservative Party) was pressured by the New Democrat Party (NDP) and the United Steel Workers Association to establish a Royal Commission into the health and safety rights of Ontarios workers. This led to a report that called for government action for OHS policies and legislation. conclusionThere were umteen factors that contributed to the OHS movements, but none as important as th e workers fight. Robert Storey (2005) discussed close to of the key aspects in his paper Activism and the making of occupational health and safety in OntarioThe health and safety movement that began to take shape in the late 1960s and early to mid 70s represented a diversity of several unique ingredients. First activism was based almost exclusively in mining and secondary industry, especially steelmaking and studys that utilized asbestos in the fabrication of their products. evermore among the most dangerous and unhealthy places to work, the attempts by employers in these sectors to speed up production were resulting in notable increases in accidents and injuries. Second the workers who took out the health and safety ca utilisation any sectors were young working class males.He discussed as the young men became aware of their parents poor health conditions, it brocaded their interest towards their own health and the need for better work conditions. It was their unwillingness to accept injury, disease and death caused by poor work conditions, that led to the safety regulations that Canadian workers benefit from today.ReferencesStorey, Robert (2005) Activism and the making of occupational health and safety in Ontario, 1960s-1980 Policy and Practice in Health and Safety (pp 41-68) examine 1.2 Why are some study hazards and conditions more readily recognise than others? In particular, discuss the issues of women in the work and oeuvre pollution.Workplace HazardsA workplace hazard is a dangerous situation that exposes a worker to potentially harmful condition. Workplace hazards can be identified in several categories including physical hazards (tripping), biological hazards (exposure to viruses), chemical hazards (exposure to toxic chemical) and though it is frequently overlooked, psychosocial hazards (verbal abuse). Through the industrial revolution, workers were exposed to new technologies that resulted in new and increase workplace hazards. Howev er it is not only the technology that caused these hazards, but as well as the competitive nature of capitalism to minimize costs, at the cost safety and working conditions. Foster (2011, page 5) also point out that the use of new chemicals and compounds also brings a new kind of hazard to the workplace the occupational illness.Women in the WorkplaceWe often relate workplace hazards to jobs that involve large machinery and extreme working conditions. However working as a Hotel housekeeper changing bedding all day or doing selective information entry in an office can also be risky to the workers health, it is just not as easily recognized. Foster (2011, page 15) states that In general, men and women do perform different types of work, but the differences in their describe injury rates are not because one type of work is less dangerous than the other. The discrepancies are due mainly to our gendered notions of work, danger, and the human body, and so we need to look at work an d its hazards differently.Of the disabling injury claims in Alberta in 2008, only 27 percent were women even though women contribute up 45 percent of the workforce. Because the male dominated jobs like working construction are viewed as more dangerous, these types of jobs are more belike controlled with health and safety standards and hazards more easily recognized and reported.Workplace taintWorkplace pollution is the presence of hazardous materials within a workplace that whitethorn get in contact with people while perform their job. Such workplace pollutants may affect both the workers and surrounding communities health. Foster (2011, page 10) explains that workplace pollution differs from other hazards both in its nature and its consequences for workers. Physical hazards (ie falling off a computer program or cutting your hand) are easily recognized, but workplace pollutants are difficult to recognize as they are often odorless, silent or invisible. Exposure to hazardous mat erials can occur through breathing contaminate air, contact with toxic materials, accidental ingestion of toxins or excessive fraudulent scheme that can affect a workers hearing.The most reciprocal workplace pollution occurs from breathing polluted air. A large amount of workplace illnesses go unreported, as even the workers and doctors may not be able to make the connection of their illness to exposure to toxins in the workplace. What that complicates this, is when symptoms dont appear for years after exposure. Other issues with by rights identifying the cause of illness is that the science behind a condition may be unknown or contested, or the fact that exposure to toxins can result in a variety of side effects depending on the individual.ConclusionThere are several ways to improve workplace hazards for jobs that are not easily recognized as dangerous, such as the ones we discussed above. However it is not an easy solution. As women have been striving for represent right s and equal pay among many other things when it comes to our male counterparts, this sometimes comes with a catch. For example there may be specific safety concerns for a heavy(predicate) women to perform a physically demanding job, that would not be a concern for a male. By requesting special treatment for a pregnant women, it weakens womens equality efforts.In my opinion, decreasing workplace pollution is a little more straight forward, especially with new technologies available. Monitoring equipment and lab testing can test for avoid workplace pollutants, that would lead to terrible health issues to workers and potentially surrounding communities. As social responsibility is an more and more important part of a company image to the social and enthronement community, it helps workplace hazards get the attention, funding and education required to reduce workplace hazards.ReferencesFoster, J (2011). Industrial Relations 308, Study GuideAthabasca UniversityUnit 1 NotesWorkplace Pollution. Retrieved May 5, 2013http//www.environmentalpollutioncenters.org/workplace/Workplace Hazards. Retrieved May 5, 2013http//humanservices.alberta.ca/working-in-alberta/3109.html

Religion and Homosexuality in the United States Essay

I.      IntroductionReligion-led moral crusades be not novelties in American history. The abolitionist move handst, for instance, originated from sacred teachings ab break through freedom and equality among all tender beings. Early education reforms and laws barring commercial business on Sundays too had similar foundations (Walzer 4). In the early 20th century, the temperance movement provoke for a prohibition on sales of alcohol due to ghostlike beliefs about the evils of liquor. In the 1960s, black churches and religious leaders took the lead in the defend for equality for African-Americans (Walzer 5).Since the late 1960s, however, traditionalist Christian denominations shoot more and more become the voice of religion- base moral fervor in the United States. The 1973 despotic Court decision in Roe v. Wade, which legalized abortion, is generally acknowledged as the root cause of this phenomenon. Many right-wing Christian organizations held the afore mentioned public opinion responsible for the prevalence of premarital awake, easier access to birth control, decriminalized abortion, paederasticism and no-fault break laws. They believed that for a sound and healthy society to take place, these complaisant evils mustinessiness be stopped (Walzer 5).Fundamentalist Christians considered tribadisticity to be the most heavy among the above-mentioned social evils. This is because the sexual orientation and port of homosexuals (clash) with the moral and religious teachings of the Bible (Walzer 5). Simply put, homosexuals are immoral for the reason that their gender and modus vivendi deviates from the Judeo-Christian principle of sexual relations as a pith of procreation. They must therefore be denied any venues in which they could spread their im pietism, much(prenominal) as light civil rights (Walzer 5). The conflict amid faith and homosexuality in the US eventually divided Christians between those who regarded homosexu ality as a morality issue and those who viewed homosexuality as a social justice issue that both society and nonionised religion must address instead of ignore (Dawkins 290).This research paper will habituate the Marxist theoretical frameworks of dialectical and historical materialism. Dialectical materialism is based on the argument that history is defined by an endless struggle between different social classes. Historical materialism, miserlywhile, asserts that the present state of a given society can be explained and understood by studying its past (Boobbyer 142). These theoretical frameworks are applied to the research paper through the study of the histories of human being civil rights and church-state relations in the US.To prove the thesis, the police detective will conduct a critical analysis of current governing body statistics or research data that are related to the topic. Qualitative descriptions of pertinent government policies or research data will likewise be carried out.II.      information and Data AnalysisConservative Christian denominations often tone-beginning homosexuality by warning the public about the increasing issue forth of homosexuals in the US. As they are operating on the premise that homosexuals are immoral, these religious groups would therefore claim that the rise in homosexuality would empathise to an increase in social evils such(prenominal) as HIV/acquired immune deficiency syndrome and pedophilia. They would further drive this point home to audiences by bombarding them with related statistics from redoubtable sources. In the end, bigotry and homophobia are reinforced among the addressees.Recent statistics do read an increase in homosexuality in the US from previous decades. The 1994 subject area Health and Social Life Survey (NHSLS) showed that an estimated 4.3 million Americans (2.8 million men and 1.5 million women) identified themselves as homosexual or bisexual (Sprigg 78). In addition , about 1.4 million Americans (0.9% of men and 0.4% of women) were exclusively eng get along withd in same-sex relationships since age 18 (Sprigg 78). By 2000, according to the Washington, D.C.-based courageous rights organization Human Rights charge (HRC), the frolicsome and lesbian population in the US reached about 10,456,405. Data from the 2000 US Census, meanwhile, revealed that the number of same-sex couples in the country rose to 601,209 from 145,130 in 1990 (Burda 1). entirely the aforementioned figures are misleading. The institutions that produced these statistics do not imbibe a lite idea of what constitutes homosexuality, bisexuality and same-sex relationships. Numerous studies on human sexual deportment have proven that it is possible for human beings of the same sex to lock up in sexual activities regardless of sexual orientation. The term homoerotic doings refers to same-sex sexual behavior that is performed for reasons that do not include homosexuality. Possi ble motivations for homoerotic behavior are identity crisis, exploration, same-sex bonding, glorification of maleness or femaleness and lack of opposite-sex partners (Turner 158).Mistaking homoerotic behavior for homosexuality is dangerous, as doing so has detrimental effects to both homosexuals and society in general. Positive qualities that could stir out of same-sex bonding, like caring, intimacy and nurturance, are suppressed and undervalued because such traits are associated with homosexuality (Abramson and Pinkerton 239). Furthermore, negative gender stereotypes are reinforced. Masculinity is linked with worked up detachment and superficial forms of socialization such as drinking, smoking and gambling. Femininity, on the other hand, is connected to submissiveness and lack of initiative.Experts have long debunked the connection between homosexuality, HIV/AIDS and pedophilia. It is true that HIV/AIDS was initially called the gay cancer because majority of its first victims wer e homosexual men. just now this does not mean that HIV/AIDS is a disease that is restricted to homosexuals or that homosexuals completely are responsible for its spread. HIV/AIDS is spread by behavior and not by sexual orientation. A heterosexual who practices unsafe sex is just as prone to the disease as a homosexual who has a similar lifestyle.It is also not true that homosexuals are more prone to pedophilia than heterosexuals. As a matter of fact, about 90% of sexual abuse on babyren was committed by heterosexual men. A 1994 study that was published in the journal Pediatrics revealed that out of 296 cases of tike sexual abuse, there were just now two in which the perpetrator was a homosexual. Moreover, a heterosexual partner of a close relative of the child was the alleged offender in about 82% of the said cases (Moe 70). away from baseless and damaging myths, another assault that Christian fundamentalistics carry out on homosexuality is the elimination of gay civil rights. proposition 8, passed in Californias general elections on November 4, 2008, was a constitutional amendment that forbidden same-sex labor union in the state. Catholic and Mormon organizations overwhelmingly supported the proposition, lay out that same-sex marriage threatened the sanctity of marriage and the family. These groups were likewise concerned that allowing same-sex marriage to remain legal in California would deprive children of the right to have a normal family one that was composed of a father and a mother (Kuruvila n. pag.).The enactment of Proposition 8 is ironic, considering that one of the largest and most lively homosexual communities is based in San Francisco. There were already about 18,000 same-sex couples who got get hitched with in California just four months prior to the rush of Proposition 8 (Garrison, DiMassa and Paddock n. pag.). The proposition would thus force the states homosexual couples to get married in one of the five remaining US states where same-sex marriage is legal Maine, Connecticut, Iowa, Massachusetts and Vermont (Montanaro n. pag.). Although Proposition 8 won 52% of votes (The Huffington Post n. pag.), some of Californias leaders are questioning its legality. The Democrat-controlled state Legislature, for instance, argued that the Constitution cannot be revised by a undefiled majority vote it would strip the minority group of their constitutionally protected right. At present, Californias Supreme Court is dealing with a series of lawsuits that involve the contention of Proposition 8 (Ewers n. pag.).III.      FindingsEven if the US Constitution clearly stated that there is an official separation between church and state, American society remains to be a deeply religious polity (Walzer 5). Simply put, American society is a majority rule that continues to be heavily based on religious doctrine. This phenomenon is a bequest of the countrys colonial past the first whites that came to the US w ere members of apparitional communities fleeing religious persecution in England. Consequently, the Founding Fathers declared that the US would not have an official state religion. All citizens were allowed to worship as they pleased and to openly propagate their faiths (Walzer 5).But this did not mean that the debate about the character of religion in American life has ended. The leaders of the US in its formative years were overwhelmingly of Christian faith. Thus, it became inevitable that the legislative and juridic philosophies of American society were founded on Christian principles. The Founding Fathers, for instance, believed that despite the absence of an official religion, the US should be a Christian nation whose morality should be reflective of Christian values (Walzer 4).It is true that many Christian denominations were responsible for instigating much-needed social changes in various parts of American history. But as American society became increasingly pluralistic i n the deliver the goods centuries, the need for more secularism in its major institutions emerged. This dilemma resulted in a conflict between conservative Christian denominations and a Christian lower classes that was slowly becoming tolerant of behaviors that were used to be considered as deviant, such as homosexuality. In the process, certain aspects of the societal and legal discussions of gay civil rights were negatively affected (Walzer 6).Although judges are supposed to be achromatic interpreters of the law, personal experiences (including religious training and beliefs) still shape their perspectives both consciously and unconsciously (Walzer 6). Indeed, Christian fundamentalist groups are notorious for their attempts to hinder the passage of or weaken laws that promote homosexual rights (Walzer 7). In the name of religion, conservative Christian organizations will not think twice about harassing homosexuals and gay rights associations, as well as interfere with the creati on and enactment of gay civil rights laws. It is no longer surprising, therefore, if legal rights for homosexuals such as same-sex marriage, testimonial from workplace discrimination and adoption by gay parents were attained only in the recent decades.Pastor Fred Phelps of the Westboro Baptist Church is an example of how far fundamentalist Christians could go just to prove their homophobic stance. He once organized a picket at the funeral of homosexual rights activist Coretta Scott King, proclaiming that her soul would be punished in hell due to her advocacy. Since 1991, Phelps has reportedly organized 22,000 anti-homosexual demonstrations in the US, Canada, Jordan and Iraq. These protest marches of his often displayed homophobic slogans such as convey GOD FOR AIDS (Dawkins 291). IV.      ConclusionConservative Christian denominations in the US were unprepared for the increasingly liberal atmosphere of American society. They therefore gratingly criticized every affaire that was associated with it, particularly homosexuality. For Christian fundamentalists, homosexuals were immoral because they do not comply with the Judeo-Christian principle of sexual relations as a means of procreation. such a way of thinking eventually spawned all forms of harassment against homosexuals, such as damaging and baseless myths, deceptive statistics and laws that hinder the enactment of gay civil rights.It would be impossible for the US to claim that it is a Christianity-based body politic when homophobia is rampant in its turf. Homophobia can be eliminated from the country by educating throng regarding the myths and the facts surrounding homosexuality. Stiffer penalties for and stricter implementation of laws against hate crimes would also help. As long as people are discriminated upon for any reason other than involvement in criminal activity, there can be no such thing as a free or just society.

Investigating motion using video processing software Essay

We switched on the laptop and connected the web cam into the USB. Once this was done we make sure that the web cam was working correctly and as soon as this watched checked we began to set up the practical come out of the experiment. We thereforece press record on the web cam employ the software VISILOG and recorded the thumping being thrown in the air next to a good ruler (one metre). Once this had been done we stopped the recording and the replayed the video and one era we were happy, using the software, we recorded the position of the wrap frame by frame.on a lower floor are the results for the first part of the experiment Results Time (s) Height (m) secureness (m/s) Acceleration (m/s2) We evoke then draw a chart using the results and the first represent I have drawn (graph one) is of height of crush puffiness against time taken. Therefore, as we cease get out from the graph if a tangent is drawn we can calculate the incline. The gradient of both sides of the parabola graph is shown on graph one.From the graph we can that as the squash globe is thrown the height of it increases as time increases and as it reaches its peak the ball fastness is expected to decrease due to forces performing on (gravity) and thereof the ball drops down again. The gradient of the graph also calculates the speed (which can be seen of the graph) of the ball because of the conventionality Distance = Speed  Time thusly Speed = Distance / Time From these results a second graph of speed against time can also be make, which is graph two. Again from this graph we can draw tangents and then work out the gradient.Using the gradient we can also work out the acceleration due to the formula Acceleration = change in speed / change in time Therefore acceleration = gradient. Part Two Method We used the homogeneous equipment for the second stage of the experiment only if instead of recording the ball thrown in the air we recorded it as a projectile. To invoice the displacement reaction we used metre rules to measure horizontally as hygienic as unslopedly. Below are the results from the experiment Results take to next page From this table we can draw out a lot of training and from this I have produced a graph of horizontal displacement and vertical displacement (graph three).From the graph we can see that as horizontal displacement increases so does vertical displacement until its peak of 0. 34 m. once the squash ball reaches this height it begins to fall back down due forces acting on it. After the vertical height reaches its peak it starts to decrease but the horizontal displacement continues to increase. From the graph we can also calculate the gradient, which I have done and this can be seen on the graph. Part trinity Method We got a step ladder and to the top of it we attached a wooden beam to it using clamps.Then we got three springs and attached them unneurotic and once this was done we attached the springs to the wooden beam using string. We then added a mass to the springs and recorded the oscillations it did using the camera. Below are the results for this Results See next page From the results (which is a rather long set of data) we can produce a graph and this graph is a sine jolt. inwardly the wave, it can be seen that just about 4 oscillations have been made by the spring. The time taken for 1 oscillation is called the period T. In this case the period T for 1 oscillation is about 1. 31 seconds as shown on the graph.The number of oscillations per unit time is the frequency, f = 1 / T. Therefore, using the formula we can calculate the frequency of one oscillation, which is f = 1 / T f = 1 / 1. 31 f = 0. 763358778 f = 0. 76 Hz Further more(prenominal) as the weights on the spring playact about on a fixed point it means that the wave can be described as a single accordant motion and the acceleration is proportional to its displacement (see graph four for more details) Conclusion Therefore, in con clusion I have shown many things in this three part experiment. For each part, I have produced graphs and shown the results table that I have analysed as well.For the first part of the experiment we can see that from the graphs the squash balls speed increases as it let go from the hand and then as it reaches its peak it begins to lose its speed and comes down, which is also due to forces acting upon the graph. Part two of the experiment is similar in respects and the inequality is that it was a projectile instead. And the third part shows the spring oscillating from a ladder when a weight is attached to it. For more on these carriage at the graphs I have produced and the analysis beneath each part of the experiment.

Cadbury channels Essay

1. Claremont Tasmania At this site Cadbury pay off boxed deep brown assortments, moulded chocolate blocks, chocolate confectionary bars and food drinks for the retail and industrial markets.2. Ringwood Victoria At this site Cadbury manufacture confectionery bars and bar pieces, filled and holla chocolate novelty units for children and the Easter and Christmas events as well as a range of industrial chocolates and compounded chocolate.3. Scoresby Victoria At this site Cadbury manufacture a range of sugar and caramel based confectionery and licorice product for both the retail trade and industrial customer. The Cadbury brand has in any case been licensed to former(a) selected food manufacturers who produce and distribute their range of Cadbury products, nonably ice cream. These licencees are responsible for their own Covenant Action Plans. Cadbury does not look at their goods directly to the final user between them stands a define of intermediaries performing a variety of functions Service establishments in particular supermarkets, contraption stores, delis, petrol move etc are racyly involved merchandise and dispersion furrows as this is where the target market exists. With these establishments, Cadbury products are make widely available and accessible to the main target markets Marketing contain performs the work of moving goods of producers to consumers (see figure) A manufacturer selling a sensual product and services might require three channel sales, spoken communication and service Cadbury use Sales Managers and Reps as sales channels, telephone, email and facial expression to face as delivery channels and again Reps and Merchandisers for the setting up and introduction of products and promotions as service channels (with regards to the supermarkets) Wholesalers are a rattling part of the supply chain for case-by-case outlets and eventually the consumer. Cadbury uses intensive distribution method, as it attempts to place its prod ucts in as many establishments as possible.Factors that bring the design and makement of marketing channels Consumers are motivated by the presence of brands, they expect to see them and want to buy them Cadbury products are originally available in supermarkets and convenience stores and display remains one of the severalise areas for development not only within these to channels, but likewise independent retail Confectionery requires a great deal of consideration when optimising displays so Cadbury has created the Go Another Cadbury bespoke display solution to address selling opportunities in the impulse trade channel. Cadbury studies, in recent years, show that the confectionery industry has shown the effects of an increasing move by consumers towards convenience shop Convenience shopping is being able to convert customer footmark into purchases. This can be achieved by ensuring confectionery is placed in high traffic flow locations, combined with displaying with other products, such as newspapers and magazines in addition to hot-spots at the till point Displays which have impact back up by effective point of sale and clear signage all warp impulse buys Within the convenience channel, forecourts play an important role and Cadbury confectionery continues to be a valuable category With the advent now of Cadbury vending, blueprint is now at the forefront of its business drive and is directly on the job(p) with machine manufacturers to create new vending options The development of multi-channel machines has provided vending operators (pubs, balks, Universities etc) to take advantage of the growing need for snacking solutions The latest Cadbury automates machines can sell confectionery, salty snack and chilled drinks, making them ideal for almost every foodservice surroundings extend infringe and how it can be resolved Cadbury could be touch by vertical channel conflict and horizontal channel conflict Vertical channel conflict arises when a dis agreement occurs between antithetical levels within the like channel. For example, this could arise if Cadbury came into conflict with its retailers, who agree to sell scarce Cadbury products, but in fact are also selling equal competitors products Horizontal channel conflict involves conflict between members at the same level within the channel. For instance, this may occur when separate petrol stations sell Cadbury products at different price, benefiting one above the other Channel conflict can be constructive but too lots is dysfunctional The challenge is not to eliminate conflict but manage it The adoption of superordinate goals (come to an agreement), exchange persons between to more channel levels (appreciate others point of view), or co-optation (win support of the leader of other organisation) are ways of effective conflict managementWhat role the profit can play in helping to fulfil marketing channel requirements Cadbury uses direct marketing channels as well as one-le vel channels and two-level channels Their official website informs buyers slightly all of Cadburys products and services including data active products, recipes, health and nutrition, sponsorship, fundraising etc. It can also provide a way for retailers and Cadbury to communicate with each other through email about future orders, upcoming promotions and any other relevant information Cadbury uses the internet as a service and information channel, which allows it to describe the products in point with the use of visual aids and creating an effective communication channel in reaching its customersWhat role does relationship marketing plan in the Cadburys channel management Company-client relationships is imperative with respect to product range, store locations of products and display space Via the internet website, customers loyal to Cadbury can register and participate in games, downloads, design your own product, interact with Freddo, Caramello and yowie (targeted more for children), lodge customer complaints and also express interest for employment. Through newsletters, public relations and sponsorship, which go along way in satisfying customers, Cadbury can continue to inform customers about their products together with upholding their tradition of making quality products

Psy 240 the Nature-Nurture Issue Essay

The Nature-Nurture Issue The personality versus nurture perspectives make believe been have been argued for centuries. The pro-nature perspective follows the scheme that genetic science and biological inheritance moderate behavior, knowledgeable forces or stimuli the pro-nurture perspective follows the belief or theory that last and surroundings determine behavior, external forces or external stimuli.The psychology field know as biopsychology researches the aspects of both perspectives using critical thinking and research practices to determine the effects of both of these perspectives on human behavior the control groups utilize in experimentation can be human or non-human subjects of a similar species. (Pinel. (2009)).The flaw in attempting to determine what degree of behavior is attributed to nature and what degree is attributed to nurture is that both of these perspectives play a role in how and why a behavior is exhibited. Some of the behaviors which persons exhibit ca n be linked to animal or primal instinct, these are behaviors based on nature however, we must consider that the primal fears we have as children such as fear of the dark, often no longer exhibited in the individual as an adult.This change in the behavior can be attributed to contract over time, the nurture perspective agrees with experiences influence in behavior. (Pinel. (2009)). The intellect is the central focus of the study of biopsychology, and researchers have fixed that the brains functions are responsible for human behavior research has determined the neuroplasticity theory of the brain changing based on both genetics and experience.The neuroplasticity of the human brain can be used as an model of why it is important to consider how much of behavior is based on genetics and how much is based on environment however, it would be tough if not impossible to determine what portion of behavior is nature or nurture because both effect behavior based on the neuroplasticity th eory There are genetic factors that can affect behavior however, experience and nurturing can assist in controlling some behaviors based on learning or the xpectations set for an individual. This idea makes sense that both genetics (nature) and environment (nurture) play important roles in behavior, the behavior of an individual whitethorn change over the course of a lifetime. (Pinel. (2009)). Reference Pinel, J. P. J. (2009). Biopsychology. Boston, MA Pearson.

Financial Leverage, Eps and Profit Margin Essay

Profits might be compargond with gross sales, assets, or stockholders legality. why might every troika bases be roled? Will trends in these ratios always move in the same direction?All the three bases are used to find the comeback earned with respective to sales as well as investment made. When the profit is compared with sales, it is called as the net income profit permissiveness. When the profit is compared with assets, it is called as return earned on substance investment and when profit is compared with stockholders equity, it is called as return on equity. All these are profitability ratios and help to analyze the profitability at a grumpy period with respect to various bases. The trend in these ratios whitethorn not always move in the same direction. For example, return on assets may increase from adept period to another, but not necessarily the return on equity. A cause for this may be due to dislodge in capital structure and mix of debt and equity.Would you expec t the profit margin in a tonus jewelry store to differ from that of a grocery store? Comment.Yes. The profit margin in a quality jewelry store may differ from that of a grocery store. A jewelry stores profit margin would be some(prenominal) higher than of a grocery store. A grocery store testament have a lower profit margin with respect to sales and earns its profits by selling more volume. But in the caseful of a jewelry store, the profit margin earned on apiece unit would be higher.Give a simple definition of lucre per share. Earnings per share can be defined as the pelf available to equity shareholders after the payment of preferred dividends, if any, with respect to one share. It is calculated as net income available to equity shareholders divided by the number of outstanding equity shares.Define financial leverage. What is its effect on earnings? When is the use of financial leverage advantageous and disadvantageous? The design to which a firm uses fixed income securiti es can be termed as a financial leverage. The fixed income securities include bonds and debentures. The effect on earnings includes reducing of profits due to payment of fixed interest on these securities. The use of financial leverage is advantageous especially when the leverage is at the optimal level. At this level, the existence of leverage maximizes the earnings per share of the equity holders. This is because all the excess profits after the payment of interest go to the equity holders. The use of financial leverage is disadvantageous when it exceeds the optimal level. When the leverage is alike high, it increases the risk of the company as well as the cost of capital. This excessively reduces the long term solvency of the business.

Descartes Essay Essay

None of the proposed philosophical theories is exact, not even a gang of two or more theories (Sayre, 2011). However, Descartes has unique way of metaphysical telephone circuit concerning institution of idol. Descartes Discourse on the method (Part IV) ends surprisingly with a yell of Gods existence, which can be deduced from the interrelationship between mind, intelligence and our existence. Descartes began the fourth section by discussing about(predicate) himself.The reading up to the focalize where he gives credit to a supreme being, God, could only suggest that Descartes was discussing about his philosophical thought about his being as a man. However, the communion twist came when he inferred, something indeed having every perfection of which I could start out any idea, that isto explain myself in one wordby God (Bennett, 2007, p. 16). After this inference, the discuss changed to one that discussed the existence of God.It was at this point that it became open(a) that the ending would be more of Gods existence preferably than a conclusion of Descartes as a human being. The change of discourse from exploration of self to a proof of Gods existence through personal evaluation was indeed an ingenious thought. Most of the measure we try to prove existence of God or lack therefore by evaluating what are outside us. However, Descartes made a self-evaluation on indwelling values of himself as a human being.By deconstructing his strengths and limitations, he was equal to realize a fair conclusion about the existence of a supreme being, which we refer to as God. Therefore, the ending was different but offered a concise conclusion on Gods existence contempt starting on a different discourse. References Bennett, J. (2007). Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting ones Reason and Seeking Truth in the Sciences. Retrieved from http//www. earlymoderntexts. com/pdf/descdisc. pdf Sayre, H. (2011). The Humanities Culture, Continuity, and Change New York Pearson College Div.

Management performance: efficiency and effectivity

capability is the relationship between the content and the end. It simply refers to the amount of resources used to bring home the bacon target production and keep company goals. The main objective of which is to increase productiveness by increasing various(prenominal) efficiency at all levels. Where the concept of process improvement relies on the provision of technology, it integrates links of all name product line functions and makes use of combine structured softw are to run and manage the company. The philosophy of planning and organizing companys activities demands proper control and monitoring of its resources.This serves as the basis to qualification necessary corrections and guide delineates. Information technology (IT) therefore plays an important design in the aspects of technology adaptation. Its vital design is accessibility to teaching or speed of access created to fit total client and business watchfulness system. However, the main consideration of the in tegration with IT is still the people, and the workflow. Teamwork and management leadership are factors that shall still be mutually carried over the entire workflow. Efficiency aims to mold together knowledge, people and materials to achieved optimal results in market positioning. It entirely reflects the methods and the inwardness to try to accomplish the plan.Strong management leadership in line with employee motivations greatly influences the effects of efficiency. To recapitulate efficiency enables the organization to support the business by leveraging on its integrated workflow management to guest relations management for higher productivity. This ensures virtual service quality in simplified mapping enhancements of the network performance reporting capabilities.The basic key of the process is to align every diverse constituent to critical information asymmetries that allows timing and participation in the cycle. Where the people are highly motivate and is performing at hig h levels, organization performance always refers to the nub and methods used to achieve corporate goals. It focuses on management of human, conceptual and technical foul skills to enhance flexibility through teamwork in the art of getting things through with(p) through people and integration of technology in an efficient port.The transmutation of the corporate culture needs solid management skills and action in creating the conditions and environment to manage and run the company in an efficient manner to sustain its long term existence. The results of which can be beatd on its productivity and effectivity. In comparison, effectivity is the means to measure the methods and applications applied to achieve corporate goals.Thus it is the task involve in making an compendium of the result and efficiency of the management tools and skills being utilized by the received organizational system and practices. It utilizes systems thinking to assess cause and effect variables of its app lications in the fundamental aspects of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling of each unit or department in reference to overall effectivity.Efficiency is the logical integration of people, equipment, and technology resources to provoke productivity and achieve end values while effectivity measures the accord of the means to achieve corporate goals by the measure of man-machine-systems efficiency and calculations of productivity ratios. Working in the efficiency of each individual, machine, and technology performance is what defines the philia and soul of an organizations systems and procedures which aims to regulate management practices to enhance productivity.Efficiency is the primary indicator of either a successful or flunk management performance. It can be improved simultaneously only by making critical analysis of its efficiency by measures of the individual productivity. This measure of efficiency and productivity is the task or the concept of effectivity. (Daft 2004).ReferencesDaft, Richard. (2004). Management. South occidental College. 

Engineering ewb research Essay

1. IntroductionThe Engineers Without Borders Australia (EWB) Ch on the wholeenge is a program where first year University Students passim Australia ar essential to select from a throw of businesss associated with the documentation conditions of a disadvantage engagement within Nepal, more specifically the small town of Sandikhola, a hilltop community in the Gorkha regularize. The students atomic number 18 then required to develop creative solutions to combat these problems to expediency the community through design, teamwork and proper parley. This picky research report group 9C allow be focusing on weewee Supply and Sanitation Systems (WASH), in item nonuple Use Systems (genus Mus). genus Mus refers to a system where the wet is hired for a range of purposes, so as to pick at the amount of fresh urine call for to be appealn from the witness and annex the applicability of the source. This report will be outlining research conducted into the genus Mus inclu ding the geography of the Gorkha territorial dominion, a pillow slip study on a WASH initiative already in place in Nepal, withal allow in in the report will be an evaluation of sources of research, and a conclusion of the report.2. look2.1 Geography of the Gorkha DistrictThe Gorkha District in Nepal is located on the mid-southern land of the Terai country roughly the center of Nepal. More specifically the village of Sandikhola is located just about 42 kilometers North East of Bharatpur, which roughly is everywhere an hour drive each focussing via a dirt road which is save botherible by 44s and is not accessible in wet conditions. The village of Sandikhola is located on the side of a hill with an top side of 1256 meters, and is roughly divided into 3 diametrical sections consisting of crops, housing and livestock.2.1.1 native ResourcesLand is seen as the most valu up to(p) natural pick to most citizens of the Gorkha regulate. With everywhere 80% of the nation, 24 506 759 tribe, earning a livelihood from farming, which in playing period produces 36.1% of GDP on a discipline weighing machine. Due to irrigate shortages and unreliability in relation to irrigation, this is not a sound pick for the mountain of the Gorkha regularize. The only problem with utilizing land to this major of a scale is that it is being overly depleted collectable to the accelerating growth of population, leading to widespread goal of ecological systems. The other resource is water supply, which be polluted collectable to omit of sanitation and the lack of the resource, other than location, is imputable to de- woodwindation and the crushing centres it has on the environment.2.1.2 Technological ResourcesThe Gorkha district has very limited technological resources, specially when 90% of the population live in sylvan areas and add up earnings per family per workweek are below a dollar bill which make the affordability of technological resources i mpossible for pitiful families. Surprisingly the telephone signal passim the district is surprisingly good although this is a under workd resource due(p) to lack of infra bodily structure and finances. With under 7% of the population having access to the internet communication on a global and point national scale faeces be highly strong. Due to the developing genius of Nepal access to any modern engineering science is unviable, with it sometimes taking up to and over 6 months for any engineering to gravel many country-bred communities e.g. water interrogatory kits.2.1.3 Population and IncomeThrough researching Population and Income it was name that at that place are over 30 jillion people in Nepal, with approximately 300 000 people in Gorkha. The Terai field accommodates for 50.27% of the total population, roughly 15 million people, which is the mountainous/ hilly region of Nepal which provoke make life very difficult for these people in resolveicular. The average habitation income is little than one dollar a day with more than 40% brisk under the pauperisation line. In the Gorkha district 90% of citizens live in rural areas which goes to show the lack of urban familiarity further reinforcing the fact that development of technology in relation to water occasion will greatly affect the population in all aspects of life.2.1.4 Natural DisastersNatural Disasters have a major effect on developing countries, especially where mode change is concerned. This is due to the high addiction on climate sensitive sectors in the Gorkha district including glaciers, agriculture and forestry, and its low financial adaptive capacity. These disasters are becoming more and more common with the acceleration of global warming. This is due to the increased temperatures experienced compared to 1990 to 2010 where an increase of 1.9 Degrees Celsius to the average temperature, these particular natural disasters include an increase in change periods, flood s, intense pelting, landslides, forest fires, glacial retreats, and glacier lake outburst flood threats. The other main natural disasters common to this area are earthquakes due to the positioning of Gorkha on the meeting point of the Eurasian and Indian tectonic plates. These disasters need to be taken into account so the MUS layabout withstand destruction via natural disaster.2.1.5 climatical ConditionsShown in these both graphs (below) is the average rainfall and temperature of the Gorkha District. By studying these two graphs it can be seen that the year is divided into a wet and dry season with the temperature throughout the year remaining relatively unremitting with a minimum range of 3 degrees Celsius and a maximum range of 9 degrees Celsius. This research is essential to the analysis of water supply2.1.6 Education LevelsIn the Gorkha district education is a work in progress with the basic literacy rate at 45% of males and only 28% of women. In the district alone there are close to 500 schools, 400 of which are frequent. With the help of many Non-Government Organizations, development of these schools has had an subtle effect on the education system, for representative at the end of 2013 1000 computers were distributed to these schools promptly making available vast amounts of educational resources to these communities. The problems associated with the education levels include the travel outstrip especially within rural areas, and to a fault the lack of proper WASH resources which affects the wellness of the students.2.1.7 al-QaidaIn relation to the Infrastructure available to the people of Gorkha it can be noted as ineffective. This is found as roads to many of the rural areas within which the majority lives, are virtually untrod without a 44, as slight than a quarter of roads in Nepal actually being paved/concreted. This is progressively made challenging due to less than 1% of the population actually having access to a car. The main for m of expatriation readily available are the public buses, but on the other upset they are not passing received with the multitude of strikes which occur, making life for the people more difficult when they have to liberty chit for hours to get where they were going. Another major disfigure is the inability for citizens to access a range of services with less than 15% of people having access to formal health supervise services, children having to walk on average 1-3 hours to aid school, there is also a lack of an electricity supply to majority of rural areas, lack of public sewage handling in the majority of the district and in ecumenic isolation of rural areas.2.2 actual SolutionsIn the community of Sandikhola, there is a wide range of problems associated with water supply. These include the accessibility to water sources, the cleanliness/quality of water supply, the amount of water supplied, and the ability for the resource to be effectively utilise crosswise domest ic uses and productive uses. Currently in Sandikhola approximately 80% of WASH techniques are currently in place with there being a few sources of water one small waterway, eight ten-strike stands and two jumpstart intakes but during the dry season these intakes plow unavailable due to low pressure. When this occurs the community must draw water from a larger spring located further away from the village down the hill. In the case of Sandikhola at each spring intake is a reservoir tank, there are three water quality testers spread across the village, one rain monitor and two flow monitors. Also introduced to this community is the use of recycling water, such as capturing overflows at spring intakes, Rainwater Harvesting (RWH), state Water Capture (GWC), fog water, and hoary water systems. Through the integration of a range of these sources, systems and techniques we develop a MUS system.2.2.1 ConstructionBasically the MUS is constructed via the familiarity of a range of single use technologies e.g. spring intake, storage tanks, tap stands. This is to disgrace the amount of water requires for use by reducing waste water (sustainability), and also to make it more accessible for the villagers. For the edifice many of the village members are hard involved in structure so as to ensure the education of the MUS to the community allowing it to be properly kept up(p) even after the EWB/NEWAH team leaves.2.2.2 Inputs and OutputsFor the execution of the MUS there are a number of inputs required, these include help from a third party in this case EWB and NEWAH in relation to funding, research and designing, participation from members of the Sandikhola community, materials, current technologies, and tools. For every input there is an output, in this case once construction is completed some of the outputs of the technology become evident, these including an increase of income and benefits in relation to this including general health, nutrition, social empowerment , food security, time savings. diversification of Livelihood, which is the process by which the community develops a range of activities and social support capabilities in order to survive and improve their standards of living i.e. education, inter/intra-societal interaction. Increase in sustainability including, cost-effective water transfer from the water source for domestic and productive applications.3. Evaluation of Sources of randomnessIn research for this assignment, I tilt to steer clear of any non-reliable or wide resources. To do this books become an extremely valuable and trusted resource, and when using websites as resources I have stuck to .org websites while at the same time checking the about us section as not all .org sites are official sites. Some ship canal I checked the accuracy and lustiness of my sources of instruction include analysis of the deepness of coverage, determining the intended audience so it is relevant for this report, analysis of language u sed i.e. sophisticated to low level understanding. The dates of the information are essential for proper research, too old might be inaccurate compared to newer information. Does the source have a bibliography and the caseful of sources of information the author uses and an analysis of the layout and structure of the document. Through all of this analyzing we are able to determine the accurate and reliable sources of information.4. final resultIn conclusion, through the research of the Gorkha district and my project area the MUS, it is possible to pee the positive potential that the implementation of the MUS has on all aspects of life. This is due to water playing a massive part in the lives of every human, and when there is a lack of sufficient resource, daily functionality is affected.5. ReferencesRenwick, et.al, 2007, Multiple Use Water gos For The unequal Assessing the state of Knowledge, Winrock international Arlington, VA Mikhail, et.al, 2008, Multiple-Use Water Serv ice Implementation in Nepal and India Experience and Lessons Scale-Up, International Development Enterprises Lakewood, CO Engineers without Borders USA 2014, EWB-USA, capital of conscientious objector viewed 10 action 2014, http//my.ewb-usa.org/project-resources/technical-resources. iDE Organization 2014, iDEORG, Colorado viewed 10 March 2014, http//www.ideorg.org/OurTechnologies/MultipleUseWaterSystems.aspx. Practical litigate 2014, Practical Action, Rugby viewed 12 March 2014, http//practicalaction.org/mus-2. Engineers Without Borders Australia 2014, Engineers Without Borders, North Melbourne viewed 12 March 2014, http//www.ewbchallenge.org/nepal-water-healthnewah/sandikhola. Smith, J., 2014, private Communication, 25th February 2014 United Nations 2014, United Nations, pertly York viewed 12th March 2014, http//www.un.org.np/maps/nepal-gorkha-district. Rural poverty portal 2012, IFAD, Vancouver viewed 12 March 2014, http//www.ruralpovertyportal.org/en/country/statistics/tags/ nepal.

Computerized Inventory System

II. PROJECT DESCRIPTIONIn this chapter, the students who ar the upriseer of the arranging be going to adopt slightly the c anyer-ups master(prenominal) line of work in its actual formation and ar also going to contend the specific problem that ca employs the host confederacys loss and incompetency to the market. The take placement that the students come up with bothow be discuss to maximize the competency of the host comp either along with the details, the electron orbit and limitations, and the modeology used for the study.2.1.2 Problem story In this chapter the proponent pull up stakes posit the superior general and specific problems of their company that has brush through interview or observation.2.1.1 major StatementHow to create a Computerized gross gross gross revenue and stemma System for Alta School & ampere situation render that give solve the major and barbarian problems of the reposition? Alta School & plaza Supply using the manual o f arms carcass for the operation of the fund and the narrator operator transacts all purchases using a hard coin register. The proponents opinionated then to break down a computer-based sales and inventory constitution that the store flowerpot use to be equal to solve major and excusable problems encountered when using a manual dust in doing these operation.2.1.2 Minor StatementsHow to develop a module that leave alone make the exploiter substantially find and validate returned produces? yield returned include damage items when a harvest-festival is returned, it should be accompanied with the receipt of the purchased proceeds. Since more thanover the product category and its charge be indicated in the receipt, it would be hard for the coach-and-four to intimately find and validate the product and the receipt so as to gestate the return dealings.How to create a module that is enable to generate updated report such as the sales report and inventory report , as well as dissipated moving and decompress moving products reports that is usable anytime is penuryed? The store does non allow an actual inventory report and their sales report are made and compute just through the receipt from the cash register. The general manager locoweednot pick up which products are fast moving and which are long-winded moving because the general manager cannot identify what specific products are commonly bought and what are not. Information for fast moving and slow moving items is essential so as to be aware of the products that need more attention in terms of the rate of these products.How to create a module that is able to implement security department with regards to the breeding and files so as to hold the line information fair play? Important documents can be modify since anyone can gain access to these documents. other problem is regarding to cashier operators. Since there is no security with regards to who can use the cash registe rs unauthorized sales deeds may hap, thus resulting to loss of data haleness and reliability.II.1 Proposed Research ProjectII.1.1 General ObjectivesThe general object glass of the study is to make a Computerized Sales and inventorying System for Alta School and Office Supply that will solve, improve the more or less features that can help of the store. The proponents will figure and develop a Computer-based Sales and Inventory System for Alta School and Office Supply that will solve major and minor problems encountered in the current agreement used. This will eventually help the host company speed-up the process of the whole administration. II.1.2 Specific ObjectivesTo develop a module that will lead the record of all the information about the governing body of rules of rules. In this statement the proponents need to conspire the record of all the information about the system so that we can easily see all the information we need to see if it is necessary. Without orga nization the system will have corrupted files and revision would be impossible in the database.To develop a module that will compute the sales and record transaction for the amount product purchased, and the number available in the store. The proponents can improve the manual system for this module, computer science and recording to be faster and more accurate that will lessen clement error and ismore veritable than the existing process.To create a module that will build a security that will protect the companys hole-and-corner(a) file. The proponents will develop a security to protect the feature where the data files and information will be secured from the unauthorized individual and to avoid any of alteration of data files. The system cannot be used without any users, because it is required in the system.II.1.3 Scope and LimitationsThe take is conducted to develop computerized sales and inventory system for Alta School & Office Supply. This computerized sales and invento ry will ease the bunk of the persons involved in this system to understate their tasks as well as to keep up with the technology nowadays. System proposed system is conducted to develop computerized sales and inventory system for Alta School & Office Supply.The computerized system will help minimize the problem encountered in the existing manual system of the company as well as to keep up with technology nowadays. The proposed system will feature file guardianship module that allows editing, adding, and maintaining of information pertaining to the products, products category, suppliers, and system users. Returned product/s overdue to damage which is accepted for return or exchange can be easily validated through a reliable receipt that will indicate the stores name, product name, product price and the date that purchased or date of transaction will be adjusted in a returns form.LimitationsThe system cannot provide a payment using credit cards. plainly it is more profitable t o have an online rescript but probably it cannot apply them online orders. The transaction or method cannot be born-again in to a computerized system and can only be done manually such as evaluating the reports or suggesting an exchange product or any stopping point related problem.II.1.4 MethodologyThe proponents method in making the system is the Systems growth lifespan Cycle or manifestly SDLC is the methodology that we used in our system. It is the victimization cycle designed to give more faster. To be able to accomplishthe requirements of the proposed system, the proponents decided to use the System Development Life Cycle or simply SDLC and carve up the cycle into five phases. The SDLC is a phased nuzzle to analysis and design that hold that systems are best developed through the use of a specific cycle of analyst and user activities. Although each phase is presented discretely, the proponents did not intentionally make them as cave in steps instead, several activ ities may occur concurrently, and activities may be repeated, because SDLC is more effective if it is applied as phases rather than in separate steps.Planning Priorities for system and projects an architectures for data, networks, and selection hardware, and IS oversight are the result of associated systems Detailed steps, or work plan, for projectSpecification of system scope and planning and high take system requirements or features Assignment of aggroup members and other resources System justification or business case.Analysis Description of current system and where problems or opportunities are with a general recommendation on how to fix, enhance, or regenerate current system Explain of remedial systems and justification for chosen alterativeDesign Functional, detailed specifications of all system elements (data, processes, inputs, and outputs) Technical, detailed specification of all system elements (programs, files, network, system, software, etc.).Implementation Code, d ocumentation, training procedures, and support capabilities.Maintenance virgin version or releases of software with associated updates to documentation, training, and support.

Job Roles and Working Arrangements At Richer Sounds Essay

Levels of Hierarchy argon the layers of warrant within an organisation.Spans of raise A c everywhere of control is the tot up of perishers directly supervise by a more ripened callee.Whereas an organisation chart shows how employees fit into the business, a tune interpretation gives details close to what is expected of the individual employee. Job applicants commonly receive a neckcloth of descent description when they apply for a position with a business. A crinkle description ordinarily consists of1) The title of the job (e.g. sales draw awayr).2) The tasks to be completed as part of the job (e.g. having to write monthly sales reports, in the case of a sales manager).3) The responsibilities of the job (e.g. a sales manager readiness be responsible for managing a squad up of sales representatives).4) Information on running(a) conditions linked to the job, such(prenominal)(prenominal) as pass judgment of apply, hours to be leaded and holidays.5) A descriptio n of how the job fits into the organisational structure.UK businesses birth employed increasing emergence of underemployed and unorthodox employees. They subscribe to alike pulmonary tuberculosisd self-employed sueers, who take aim step up their skills to firms plainly be their own bosses. At the same time, businesses shit made custom of more conciliative attempts of employment, in both(prenominal) cases with annualised hours (hours subject areaed in a year) included alternatively of hours per week. High proportions of these types of employees in businesses ar called flexible betforces.In recent years, a crook of trends need emerged in the UKs progress toforce, includingto a greater extent interim workers The procedure of workers on temporary contracts has risen since the early 1980s although in the last few years it has levelled let on. In 2000, nearly two gazillion workers were on temporary contracts.Use of annualised hours numerous businesses acquain t an uneven pattern of work over the year. For manikin, farms ar very busy in the summer months harvesting crops, exclusively are quiet in the winter. Without annualised hours, farmers might pay overtime in the summer and non have enough work to lionize employees busy during the winter months.More part-time working The number of employees within the UK who work part-time has increased each year. By 200, more than one-quarter of all employees nearly seven million people were part-time workers.Self-Employment The number of self-employed has fallen recently, but 2.5 million people still work for themselves.Hiring consultants Many businesses have replaced full-time employees with consultants, who work for a business for a short time. Consultants are commonly very highly skilled, for example IT experts.Use of contractors Many businesses employ approximately some other firms to carry out particular duties. The hold arrangements are adjust out in a contract in the midst of the businesses involved. It is common, for example, to hire contract rung for cleaning, rather than expenditure eonian full-time employees.Managers Managers play a vital role in businesses1) They have obligation for an aspect of the businesss work under the guidance from the director. For example, a manager might take responsibility for employee educate, under guidance from the director of adult male resources.2) Managers plan activities, look after teams of employees, manage finances and attempt to meet targets set by the directors of the business.3) Managers jobs are ordinarily secure, as they usually have permanent full-time contracts.Managers often have a lord qualification in an area such as accountancy or marketing. They indispensableness to be good communicators, able to use IT, use time effectively and control finances. Managers pay varies according to the seniority of the position, but it can be over 100,000 a year. Other benefits that are common are company cars a nd private health insurance.Supervisors In some businesses supervisors are also called team leaders. Supervisors provide a link between operatives and managers. They1) Monitor work of junior employees.2) reckon that payoff and quality targets set by managers are met whenever possible.3) Advise managers of problems or difficulties in the work of the business.In some businesses supervisors have been given responsibility for some of the roles previously carried out by managers. For instance, they may write in code new employees or lead study sessions. The pay of supervisors depends on how much spot they have, but they are radiation patternly paying(a) more than operatives.Operatives The most junior employees in the business are the operatives. In a factory, they would work on the production rakehell in a shop they would be the sales assistants. Their role in a business is as follows1) They are normally only responsible for their own work.2) They usually carry out routine tasks , though some employers do provide more varied and interesting work.3) They often have little job security. Many are employed on temporary contracts, and when the contract runs out they may decree themselves unemployed. Others find they are no longer necessitate because their jobs have been replaced by machinery.4) In a minority of businesses, they are allowed to take decisions such as stopping the production line to remove poor-quality products.Many operatives are comparatively unskilled. Sales assistants may have some training and qualifications in customer service, but some factory workers on production lines have no qualifications. Because of this, pay judge for operatives are normally low. mount lag The support module provides Specialist skills in businesses. They may whirl expertise in the areas of security or information applied science or provide secretarial skills. Support staff can operate at various levels in the organisation1) They offer advice and assistance in t heir specialist areas to employees. Thus, IT staff may recommend new bundle or hardware, provide training and tell out computer problems.2) Some support staff are managers looking after teams of people are in burden on finances others carry out routine tasks.3) Senior support staff take important decisions, such as spending on computer systems. in that respect are two working arrangements at Richer sounds, one is for permanent and temporary colleagues and the other is for full-time and part-time colleagues. Information on these working arrangements follow functional arrangements for permanent and temporary colleagues The vast majority of their colleagues are employed permanently. They are all issued with a written contract of employment.At Christmas Richer S0unds employ greeters in their stores to greet and assist customers at busy times. Their greeters are temporary colleagues who work for a short time and their work ends after the sale period. Many are students at college or un iversity who work for them during their Christmas holidays. Richer Sounds do not issue written contracts to temporary colleagues, neither do we keep personnel department records for them. However, they do receive a mini-welcome pack, which explains how Richer Sounds operates.Working arrangements for full-time and part-time colleagues Most of thei colleagues work full time, although their hours may vary. A normal working week for store colleagues is 42.5 hours although in some of their stores which are open from 12 noon 7 pm, colleagues may work fewer hours. Departmental support colleagues work 40 hours a week.Richer Sounds get intot use the term part-time. Colleagues who dont work the full number of hours are called career key timers. They have access to all the same training opportunities and benefits as the full-time colleagues.